64 – Gadolinium, Gd

PERIODIC TABLE

Spectrograph
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Elemental Tile
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Gadolinium
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Gadolinium is a silvery-white, malleable and ductile rare-earth metal. It is found in nature only in combined (salt) form and was first detected spectroscopically and named after gadolinite, the mineral of which it was found.

1880 by Jean de Marignac, Switzerland.

DISCOVERY

From the name of Johan Gadolin, Chemist and Mineralogist.

ETYMOLOGY

Gadolinium

Element

Gd

Symbol

64 Atomic Number

Lanthanide

Classification

7440-54-2

CAS Number

Silver

Elemental Colour

-

Refractive Index

0.260 Poisson Ratio

19.903 cm³

Molar Volume

-

Brinell Hardness

5.10 Mohs Hardness

570.00M Pa, 5.625'5k Atm

5.625'5k Atm

Vickers Hardness

2,680 m/s, Mach 7.813'4

2,680 m/s

Speed of Sound

38.00G Pa, 375.030'8k Atm

375.030'8k Atm

Bulk Modulus

22.00G Pa, 217.123'1k Atm

217.123'1k Atm

Shear Modulus

55.00G Pa, 542.807'8k Atm

542.807'8k Atm

Young Modulus

Allotropes

1,586.15 K, 1,313.00 °C

1,313.00 °C

Melting Point

3,523.15 K, 3,250.00 °C

3,250.00 °C

Boiling Point

-

Automatic Ignition

-

Flashpoint

-

Critical Temperature

-

Critical Pressure

11.000'000 W/(m K)

Thermal Conductivity

0.000'009'4 K^-1

Thermal Expansion

240.00 J/(kg K)

Specific Heat

10.000 kJ/mol

Heat Fusion

305.000 kJ/mol

Heat Vaporisation

-

Heat Combustion

292.00 K, 18.85 °C

18.85 °C

Curie Point

-

Neel Point

-

Adiabatic Index

Solid

Phase

Conductor

Electrical Type

770.00k S/m

Conductivity

1.30μ Ω.m

Resistivity

1.083 K

Superconducting Point

Ferromagnetic

Magnetic Type

-

Mass Susceptibility

-

Molar Susceptibility

-

Volume Susceptibility

Material Composition

0.000'000'2 %

Universe

0.000'023 %

Meteorites

0.000'000'2 %

Sun

0.000'52 %

Earth Crust

0.000'000'000'07 %

Oceans

-

Humans

157.252'122'2

Atomic Weight

233 pm

Atomic Radius

169 pm

Covalent Radius Single Bond

135 pm

Covalent Radius Double Bond

132 pm

Covalent Radius Triple Bond

237 pm

Van der Waals Radius

[Xe]6s²4f⁷5d¹

Electron Configuration

Hexagonal, Close Packed Single

Crystal Structure

7.901'00 g/cm³

Density as Solid

7.400'00 g/cm³

Density as Liquid

-

Density as Gas

P6₃/mmc

Space Group Name

194 Space Group Number

π/2, π/2 & 2π/3

Lattice Angles

363.6, 363.6 & 578.26 pm

Lattice Constants

3 Valence

1.2 Electronegativity

13.22 kJ/mol

Electron Affinity

Ionisation Energy

Stable

Half Life

Stable

Lifetime

5d¹ = 5, 2, -2, +1/2

Quantum Numbers

180.000'00 b σ_s

Neutron Cross Section

49,700.000'00 b σ_a

Neutron Mass Absorption

Stable Isotopes

Unstable Isotopes

Isotopes Overview

Isotope	Stability	Symbol	Type	Protons		Neutrons		Spin	Parity	Mass		Abundance		Mass Measure	Mass Excess		Binding Energy		Dipole Moment		Quadrupole Moment		Halflife in Years		Halflife in Seconds		A01 Decay Probability		A01 Decay Mode	A01 Decay Energy		A01 Decay Daughter	A01 Decay Link	A02 Decay Mode	A02 Decay Energy		A02 Decay Daughter	A02 Decay Link	A03 Decay Probability		A03 Decay Mode	A03 Decay Energy		A03 Decay Daughter	A03 Decay Link	Y01 Decay Product Yield		Y01 Decay Product Nuclide	Y02 Decay Product Yield		Y02 Decay Product Nuclide	Y03 Decay Product Yield		Y03 Decay Product Nuclide
Isotope_064_gd_134_u	Unstable	¹³⁴Gd	Boson	64	p	70	n	0	1	133.955'370'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-41.573'000'000'0	MeV	8.008'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.27E-8	year	400.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β+	7,231.000	keV	¹³⁴Eu	¹³⁴Gd > [ ? % , β+ , 7,231.0 keV ] > ¹³⁴Eu													?	%	¹³³Cs	?	%	¹³⁴Ba
Isotope_064_gd_135_u	Unstable	¹³⁵Gd	Fermion	64	p	71	n	3/2	1	134.952'570'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-44.181'000'000'0	MeV	8.028'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.49E-8	year	1.100	seconds ( x⁰ )	98.000'000	%	β+	8,992.000	keV	¹³⁵Eu	¹³⁵Gd > [ 98 % , β+ , 8,992.0 keV ] > ¹³⁵Eu	β+p	?	keV	¹³⁴Sm	¹³⁵Gd > [ , β+p , ? keV ] > ¹³⁴Sm								98.000'000	%	¹³⁵Ba	?	%	¹³⁴Ba
Isotope_064_gd_136_u	Unstable	¹³⁶Gd	Boson	64	p	72	n	0	1	135.947'340'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-49.052'000'000'0	MeV	8.064'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.17E-8	year	1,000.000	milliseconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β+	6,188.000	keV	¹³⁶Eu	¹³⁶Gd > [ ? % , β+ , 6,188.0 keV ] > ¹³⁶Eu													?	%	¹³⁵Ba	?	%	¹³⁶Ba
Isotope_064_gd_137_u	Unstable	¹³⁷Gd	Fermion	64	p	73	n	7/2	1	136.945'020'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-51.214'000'000'0	MeV	8.080'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		6.97E-8	year	2.200	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	7,781.000	keV	¹³⁷Eu	¹³⁷Gd > [ 100 % , β+ , 7,781.0 keV ] > ¹³⁷Eu	β+p	?	keV	¹³⁶Sm	¹³⁷Gd > [ , β+p , ? keV ] > ¹³⁶Sm								?	%	¹³⁷Ba	?	%	¹³⁶Ba
Isotope_064_gd_138_u	Unstable	¹³⁸Gd	Boson	64	p	74	n	0	1	137.940'120'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-55.778'000'000'0	MeV	8.113'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.49E-7	year	4.700	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	4,950.000	keV	¹³⁸Eu	¹³⁸Gd > [ 100 % , β+ , 4,950.0 keV ] > ¹³⁸Eu													?	%	¹³⁸Ba
Isotope_064_gd_139_u	Unstable	¹³⁹Gd	Fermion	64	p	75	n	9/2	-1	138.938'240'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-57.529'000'000'0	MeV	8.125'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.81E-7	year	5.700	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	6,847.000	keV	¹³⁹Eu	¹³⁹Gd > [ 100 % , β+ , 6,847.0 keV ] > ¹³⁹Eu	β+p	?	keV	¹³⁸Sm	¹³⁹Gd > [ , β+p , ? keV ] > ¹³⁸Sm								100.000'000	%	¹³⁹La	?	%	¹³⁸Ba
Isotope_064_gd_140_u	Unstable	¹⁴⁰Gd	Boson	64	p	76	n	0	1	139.933'674'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-61.782'272'000'0	MeV	8.154'975'000'0	MeV	-		-		5.01E-7	year	15.800	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	4,181.500	keV	¹⁴⁰Eu	¹⁴⁰Gd > [ 100 % , β+ , 4,181.5 keV ] > ¹⁴⁰Eu													100.000'000	%	¹⁴⁰Ce
Isotope_064_gd_141_u	Unstable	¹⁴¹Gd	Fermion	64	p	77	n	1/2	1	140.932'126'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-63.224'224'000'0	MeV	8.164'608'000'0	MeV	-		-		4.44E-7	year	14.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	5,680.200	keV	¹⁴¹Eu	¹⁴¹Gd > [ 100 % , β+ , 5,680.2 keV ] > ¹⁴¹Eu	β+p	?	keV	¹⁴⁰Sm	¹⁴¹Gd > [ , β+p , ? keV ] > ¹⁴⁰Sm								100.000'000	%	¹⁴¹Pr	0.030'000	%	¹⁴⁰Ce
Isotope_064_gd_142_u	Unstable	¹⁴²Gd	Boson	64	p	78	n	0	1	141.928'116'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-66.959'515'000'0	MeV	8.190'256'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.22E-6	year	70.200	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	3,338.200	keV	¹⁴²Eu	¹⁴²Gd > [ 100 % , β+ , 3,338.2 keV ] > ¹⁴²Eu													100.000'000	%	¹⁴²Nd
Isotope_064_gd_143_u	Unstable	¹⁴³Gd	Fermion	64	p	79	n	1/2	1	142.926'749'510'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-68.232'392'000'0	MeV	8.198'326'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.24E-6	year	39.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	4,988.000	keV	¹⁴³Eu	¹⁴³Gd > [ 100 % , β+ , 4,988.0 keV ] > ¹⁴³Eu	β+α	?	keV	¹³⁹Pm	¹⁴³Gd > [ , β+α , ? keV ] > ¹³⁹Pm	?	%	β+p	?	keV	¹⁴²Sm	¹⁴³Gd > [ ? % , β+p , ? keV ] > ¹⁴²Sm	100.000'006	%	¹⁴³Nd	?	%	¹⁴²Nd	?	%	¹³⁹La
Isotope_064_gd_144_u	Unstable	¹⁴⁴Gd	Boson	64	p	80	n	0	1	143.922'963'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-71.759'504'000'0	MeV	8.221'937'000'0	MeV	-		-		8.49E-6	year	268.020	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	2,839.900	keV	¹⁴⁴Eu	¹⁴⁴Gd > [ 100 % , β+ , 2,839.9 keV ] > ¹⁴⁴Eu													?	%	¹⁴⁰Ce
Isotope_064_gd_145_u	Unstable	¹⁴⁵Gd	Fermion	64	p	81	n	1/2	1	144.921'709'252'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-72.927'362'000'0	MeV	8.228'953'000'0	MeV	-		-		4.43E-5	year	1.398	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	4,048.900	keV	¹⁴⁵Eu	¹⁴⁵Gd > [ 100 % , β+ , 4,048.9 keV ] > ¹⁴⁵Eu													100.000'000	%	¹⁴⁵Nd	0.000'000	%	¹⁴¹Pr
Isotope_064_gd_146_u	Unstable	¹⁴⁶Gd	Boson	64	p	82	n	0	1	145.918'310'608'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-76.093'179'000'0	MeV	8.249'557'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.32E-1	year	4.171	mega-seconds ( x⁶ )	100.000'000	%	ϵ	1,029.110	keV	¹⁴⁶Eu	¹⁴⁶Gd > [ 100 % , ϵ , 1,029.11 keV ] > ¹⁴⁶Eu													100.000'000	%	¹⁴²Nd
Isotope_064_gd_147_u	Unstable	¹⁴⁷Gd	Fermion	64	p	83	n	7/2	-1	146.919'094'420'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-75.363'063'000'0	MeV	8.243'378'000'0	MeV	1.020'000'000'0	nm	-		4.34E-3	year	137.030	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	1,165.240	keV	¹⁴⁷Eu	¹⁴⁷Gd > [ 100 % , β+ , 1,165.24 keV ] > ¹⁴⁷Eu													100.002'200	%	¹⁴³Nd
Isotope_064_gd_148_u	Unstable	¹⁴⁸Gd	Boson	64	p	84	n	0	1	147.918'114'524'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-76.275'830'000'0	MeV	8.248'382'000'0	MeV	-		-		7.45E+1	years	2.352	giga-seconds ( x⁹ )	100.000'000	%	α	3,271.210	keV	¹⁴⁴Sm	¹⁴⁸Gd > [ 100 % , α , 3,271.21 keV ] > ¹⁴⁴Sm	2β+	1,021.940	keV	¹⁴⁸Sm	¹⁴⁸Gd > [ , 2β+ , 1,021.94 keV ] > ¹⁴⁸Sm								?	%	¹⁴⁰Ce
Isotope_064_gd_149_u	Unstable	¹⁴⁹Gd	Fermion	64	p	85	n	7/2	-1	148.919'340'915'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-75.133'454'000'0	MeV	8.239'527'000'0	MeV	0.880'000'000'0	nm	-		2.54E-2	year	801.965	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	290.910	keV	¹⁴⁹Eu	¹⁴⁹Gd > [ 100 % , β+ , 290.91 keV ] > ¹⁴⁹Eu	α	3,099.370	keV	¹⁴⁵Sm	¹⁴⁹Gd > [ , α , 3,099.37 keV ] > ¹⁴⁵Sm								0.000'430	%	¹⁴⁵Nd	0.000'000	%	¹⁴¹Pr
Isotope_064_gd_150_u	Unstable	¹⁵⁰Gd	Boson	64	p	86	n	0	1	149.918'658'876'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-75.768'769'000'0	MeV	8.242'641'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.79E+6	years	56.551	tera-seconds ( x¹² )	100.000'000	%	α	2,808.190	keV	¹⁴⁶Sm	¹⁵⁰Gd > [ 100 % , α , 2,808.19 keV ] > ¹⁴⁶Sm	2β+	-755.830	keV	¹⁵⁰Sm	¹⁵⁰Gd > [ , 2β+ , -755.83 keV ] > ¹⁵⁰Sm								100.000'000	%	¹⁴²Nd	?	%	¹⁵⁰Sm
Isotope_064_gd_151_u	Unstable	¹⁵¹Gd	Fermion	64	p	87	n	7/2	-1	150.920'348'482'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-74.194'911'000'0	MeV	8.231'084'000'0	MeV	0.770'000'000'0	nm	-		3.39E-1	year	10.696	mega-seconds ( x⁶ )	100.000'000	%	ϵ	464.180	keV	¹⁵¹Eu	¹⁵¹Gd > [ 100 % , ϵ , 464.18 keV ] > ¹⁵¹Eu	α	2,652.250	keV	¹⁴⁷Sm	¹⁵¹Gd > [ , α , 2,652.25 keV ] > ¹⁴⁷Sm								100.000'000	%	¹⁵¹Eu	0.000'001	%	¹⁴³Nd
Isotope_064_gd_152_u	Unstable	¹⁵²Gd	Boson	64	p	88	n	0	1	151.919'790'996'0	u	0.200'000	%	0.303'839'582'0	-74.714'206'000'0	MeV	8.233'449'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.08E+14	years	3.411	zetta-seconds ( x²¹ )	100.000'000	%	α	2,203.050	keV	¹⁴⁸Sm	¹⁵²Gd > [ 100 % , α , 2,203.05 keV ] > ¹⁴⁸Sm	2β+	-1,989.840	keV	¹⁵²Sm	¹⁵²Gd > [ , 2β+ , -1,989.84 keV ] > ¹⁵²Sm								100.000'000	%	¹⁴⁰Ce	?	%	¹⁵²Sm
Isotope_064_gd_153_u	Unstable	¹⁵³Gd	Fermion	64	p	89	n	3/2	-1	152.921'749'543'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-72.889'831'000'0	MeV	8.220'465'000'0	MeV	0.380'000'000'0	nm	-		6.58E-1	year	20.770	mega-seconds ( x⁶ )	100.000'000	%	ϵ	483.640	keV	¹⁵³Eu	¹⁵³Gd > [ 100 % , ϵ , 483.64 keV ] > ¹⁵³Eu													100.000'000	%	¹⁵³Eu
Isotope_064_gd_154_s	Stable	¹⁵⁴Gd	Boson	64	p	90	n	0	1	153.920'865'598'0	u	2.180'000	%	3.355'474'870'0	-73.713'221'000'0	MeV	8.224'843'000'0	MeV	-		-		-
Isotope_064_gd_155_s	Stable	¹⁵⁵Gd	Fermion	64	p	91	n	3/2	-1	154.922'622'022'0	u	14.800'000	%	22.928'548'059'3	-72.077'123'000'0	MeV	8.213'297'000'0	MeV	-0.259'100'000'0	nm	1.300'000'000'0	b	-
Isotope_064_gd_156_s	Stable	¹⁵⁶Gd	Boson	64	p	92	n	0	1	155.922'122'743'0	u	20.470'000	%	31.917'258'525'5	-72.542'197'000'0	MeV	8.215'368'000'0	MeV	-		-		-
Isotope_064_gd_157_s	Stable	¹⁵⁷Gd	Fermion	64	p	93	n	3/2	-1	156.923'960'135'0	u	15.650'000	%	24.558'599'761'1	-70.830'678'000'0	MeV	8.203'550'000'0	MeV	-0.339'800'000'0	nm	1.360'000'000'0	b	-
Isotope_064_gd_158_s	Stable	¹⁵⁸Gd	Boson	64	p	94	n	0	1	157.924'103'912'0	u	24.840'000	%	39.228'347'411'7	-70.696'751'000'0	MeV	8.201'865'000'0	MeV	-		-		-
Isotope_064_gd_159_u	Unstable	¹⁵⁹Gd	Fermion	64	p	95	n	3/2	-1	158.926'388'658'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-68.568'524'000'0	MeV	8.187'659'000'0	MeV	-0.440'000'000'0	nm	-		2.11E-3	year	66.524	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	970.524	keV	¹⁵⁹Tb	¹⁵⁹Gd > [ 100 % , β- , 970.524 keV ] > ¹⁵⁹Tb													100.000'000	%	¹⁵⁹Tb
Isotope_064_gd_160_s	Stable	¹⁶⁰Gd	Boson	64	p	96	n	0	1	159.927'054'146'0	u	21.860'000	%	34.960'054'036'3	-67.948'626'000'0	MeV	8.183'057'000'0	MeV	-		-		-				?	%	2β-	1,729.440	keV	¹⁶⁰Dy	¹⁶⁰Gd > [ ? % , 2β- , 1,729.44 keV ] > ¹⁶⁰Dy													?	%	¹⁶⁰Dy
Isotope_064_gd_161_u	Unstable	¹⁶¹Gd	Fermion	64	p	97	n	5/2	-1	160.929'669'211'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-65.512'709'000'0	MeV	8.167'233'000'0	MeV	-		-		6.93E-6	year	218.802	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	1,955.480	keV	¹⁶¹Tb	¹⁶¹Gd > [ 100 % , β- , 1,955.48 keV ] > ¹⁶¹Tb													100.000'000	%	¹⁶¹Dy
Isotope_064_gd_162_u	Unstable	¹⁶²Gd	Boson	64	p	98	n	0	1	161.930'984'751'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-64.287'290'000'0	MeV	8.159'077'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.58E-5	year	499.800	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	1,394.000	keV	¹⁶²Tb	¹⁶²Gd > [ 100 % , β- , 1,394.0 keV ] > ¹⁶²Tb													100.000'000	%	¹⁶²Dy
Isotope_064_gd_163_u	Unstable	¹⁶³Gd	Fermion	64	p	99	n	7/2	1	162.933'990'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-61.488'000'000'0	MeV	8.141'8.141'8.141'8.141	MeV	-		-		2.15E-6	year	67.800	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	3,113.000	keV	¹⁶³Tb	¹⁶³Gd > [ 100 % , β- , 3,113.0 keV ] > ¹⁶³Tb													100.000'000	%	¹⁶³Dy
Isotope_064_gd_164_u	Unstable	¹⁶⁴Gd	Boson	64	p	100	n	0	1	163.935'860'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-59.746'000'000'0	MeV	8.130'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.43E-6	year	45.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	2,337.000	keV	¹⁶⁴Tb	¹⁶⁴Gd > [ 100 % , β- , 2,337.0 keV ] > ¹⁶⁴Tb													100.000'000	%	¹⁶⁴Dy
Isotope_064_gd_165_u	Unstable	¹⁶⁵Gd	Fermion	64	p	101	n	1/2	-1	164.939'380'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-56.467'000'000'0	MeV	8.110'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.26E-7	year	10.300	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	4,192.000	keV	¹⁶⁵Tb	¹⁶⁵Gd > [ 100 % , β- , 4,192.0 keV ] > ¹⁶⁵Tb													100.000'000	%	¹⁶⁵Ho
Isotope_064_gd_166_u	Unstable	¹⁶⁶Gd	Boson	64	p	102	n	0	1	165.941'600'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-54.399'000'000'0	MeV	8.097'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.52E-7	year	4.800	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	3,361.000	keV	¹⁶⁶Tb	¹⁶⁶Gd > [ 100 % , β- , 3,361.0 keV ] > ¹⁶⁶Tb													100.000'000	%	¹⁶⁶Er
Isotope_064_gd_167_u	Unstable	¹⁶⁷Gd	Fermion	64	p	103	n	5/2	-1	166.945'570'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-50.701'000'000'0	MeV	8.075'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		9.51E-8	year	3.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	?	%	β-	5,142.000	keV	¹⁶⁷Tb	¹⁶⁷Gd > [ ? % , β- , 5,142.0 keV ] > ¹⁶⁷Tb													?	%	¹⁶⁷Er
Isotope_064_gd_168_u	Unstable	¹⁶⁸Gd	Boson	64	p	104	n	0	1	167.948'360'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-48.102'000'000'0	MeV	806.000'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		9.51E-9	year	300.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	4,397.000	keV	¹⁶⁸Tb	¹⁶⁸Gd > [ ? % , β- , 4,397.0 keV ] > ¹⁶⁸Tb													?	%	¹⁶⁸Er
Isotope_064_gd_169_u	Unstable	¹⁶⁹Gd	Fermion	64	p	105	n	7/2	-1	168.952'870'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-43.901'000'000'0	MeV	8.035'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.17E-8	year	1,000.000	milliseconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	6,194.000	keV	¹⁶⁹Tb	¹⁶⁹Gd > [ ? % , β- , 6,194.0 keV ] > ¹⁶⁹Tb													?	%	¹⁶⁹Tm

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