41 – Niobium, Nb

PERIODIC TABLE

Spectrograph
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Elemental Tile
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Niobium from Fergusonite
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Niobium is a lustrous, grey, ductile, paramagnetic metal, that is used to improve the strength of steel In 1961 the American physicist Eugene Kunzler and co-workers at Bell Labs discovered that niobium-tin continues to exhibit superconductivity in the presence of strong electric currents and magnetic fields.

1801 by Charles Hatchett, England.

DISCOVERY

Greek, 'Niobe' meaning 'daughter of Tantalus'.

ETYMOLOGY

Niobium

Element

Nb

Symbol

41 Atomic Number

Transition Metal

Classification

7440-03-1

CAS Number

Grey

Elemental Colour

-

Refractive Index

0.400 Poisson Ratio

10.841 cm³

Molar Volume

736.00M Pa, 7.263'8k Atm

7.263'8k Atm

Brinell Hardness

6.00 Mohs Hardness

1.32G Pa, 13.027'4k Atm

13.027'4k Atm

Vickers Hardness

3,480 m/s, Mach 10.145'8

3,480 m/s

Speed of Sound

170.00G Pa, 1.677'8M Atm

1.677'8M Atm

Bulk Modulus

38.00G Pa, 375.030'8k Atm

375.030'8k Atm

Shear Modulus

105.00G Pa, 1.036'3M Atm

1.036'3M Atm

Young Modulus

Allotropes

NONE

2,750.15 K, 2,477.00 °C

2,477.00 °C

Melting Point

5,017.15 K, 4,744.00 °C

4,744.00 °C

Boiling Point

-

Automatic Ignition

-

Flashpoint

-

Critical Temperature

-

Critical Pressure

54.000'000 W/(m K)

Thermal Conductivity

0.000'007'3 K^-1

Thermal Expansion

265.00 J/(kg K)

Specific Heat

26.800 kJ/mol

Heat Fusion

690.000 kJ/mol

Heat Vaporisation

-

Heat Combustion

-

Curie Point

-

Neel Point

-

Adiabatic Index

Solid

Phase

Conductor

Electrical Type

6.70M S/m

Conductivity

150.00n Ω.m

Resistivity

9.250 K

Superconducting Point

-

Magnetic Type

0.000'000'028'1

Mass Susceptibility

0.000'000'002'611'00

Molar Susceptibility

0.000'240'800'00

Volume Susceptibility

Material Composition

0.000'000'2 %

Universe

0.000'019 %

Meteorites

0.000'000'4 %

Sun

0.001'7 %

Earth Crust

0.000'000'000'1 %

Oceans

-

Humans

92.906'378'1

Atomic Weight

198 pm

Atomic Radius

147 pm

Covalent Radius Single Bond

125 pm

Covalent Radius Double Bond

116 pm

Covalent Radius Triple Bond

207 pm

Van der Waals Radius

[Kr]5s¹4d⁴

Electron Configuration

Cubic, Body-centred

Crystal Structure

8.570'00 g/cm³

Density as Solid

-

Density as Liquid

-

Density as Gas

lm_3m

Space Group Name

229 Space Group Number

π/2, π/2 & π/2

Lattice Angles

330.04, 330.04 & 330.04 pm

Lattice Constants

5 Valence

1.6 Electronegativity

86.16 kJ/mol

Electron Affinity

Ionisation Energy

Stable

Half Life

Stable

Lifetime

4d⁴ = 4, 2, +1, +1/2

Quantum Numbers

6.255'00 b σ_s

Neutron Cross Section

1.150'00 b σ_a

Neutron Mass Absorption

Stable Isotopes

Unstable Isotopes

Isotopes Overview

Isotope	Stability	Symbol	Type	Protons		Neutrons		Spin	Parity	Mass		Abundance		Mass Measure	Mass Excess		Binding Energy		Dipole Moment		Quadrupole Moment		Halflife in Years		Halflife in Seconds		A01 Decay Probability		A01 Decay Mode	A01 Decay Energy		A01 Decay Daughter	A01 Decay Link	A02 Decay Mode	A02 Decay Energy		A02 Decay Daughter	A02 Decay Link	A03 Decay Probability		A03 Decay Mode	A03 Decay Energy		A03 Decay Daughter	A03 Decay Link	Y01 Decay Product Yield		Y01 Decay Product Nuclide	Y02 Decay Product Yield		Y02 Decay Product Nuclide	Y03 Decay Product Yield		Y03 Decay Product Nuclide
Isotope_041_nb_81_u	Unstable	⁸¹Nb	Boson	41	p	40	n	3/2	-1	80.949'030'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-47.478'000'000'0	MeV	8.261'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.39E-15	year	44.000	nano-seconds ( x⁻⁹ )	?	%	p	750.000	keV	⁸⁰Zr	⁸¹Nb > [ ? % , p , 750.0 keV ] > ⁸⁰Zr	β+	9,990.000	keV	⁸¹Zr	⁸¹Nb > [ , β+ , 9,990.0 keV ] > ⁸¹Zr	?	%	β+p	?	keV	⁸¹Y	⁸¹Nb > [ ? % , β+p , ? keV ] > ⁸¹Y	?	%	⁸⁰Kr	?	%	⁸¹Br	?	%	⁷⁹Br
Isotope_041_nb_82_u	Unstable	⁸²Nb	Fermion	41	p	41	n	0	1	81.943'130'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-52.974'000'000'0	MeV	8.326'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.62E-9	year	51.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	10,196.000	keV	⁸²Zr	⁸²Nb > [ 100 % , β+ , 10,196.0 keV ] > ⁸²Zr	β+p	?	keV	⁸¹Y	⁸²Nb > [ , β+p , ? keV ] > ⁸¹Y								100.000'000	%	⁸²Kr	?	%	⁸¹Br
Isotope_041_nb_83_u	Unstable	⁸³Nb	Boson	41	p	42	n	5/2	1	82.936'705'382'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-58.958'557'000'0	MeV	8.395'201'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.30E-7	year	4.100	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	6,478.000	keV	⁸³Zr	⁸³Nb > [ 100 % , β+ , 6,478.0 keV ] > ⁸³Zr													100.000'000	%	⁸³Kr	?	%	⁸²Kr
Isotope_041_nb_84_u	Unstable	⁸⁴Nb	Fermion	41	p	43	n	3	1	83.933'570'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-61.879'000'000'0	MeV	8.426'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.11E-7	year	9.800	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	8,591.000	keV	⁸⁴Zr	⁸⁴Nb > [ 100 % , β+ , 8,591.0 keV ] > ⁸⁴Zr	β+p	?	keV	⁸³Y	⁸⁴Nb > [ , β+p , ? keV ] > ⁸³Y								?	%	⁸³Kr	?	%	⁸⁴Kr
Isotope_041_nb_85_u	Unstable	⁸⁵Nb	Boson	41	p	44	n	9/2	1	84.927'912'447'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-67.149'123'000'0	MeV	8.483'940'000'0	MeV	-		-		6.62E-7	year	20.900	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	4,978.000	keV	⁸⁵Zr	⁸⁵Nb > [ 100 % , β+ , 4,978.0 keV ] > ⁸⁵Zr													?	%	⁸⁵Rb
Isotope_041_nb_86_u	Unstable	⁸⁶Nb	Fermion	41	p	45	n	6	1	85.925'038'326'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-69.826'350'000'0	MeV	8.510'272'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.79E-6	year	88.200	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	6,955.800	keV	⁸⁶Zr	⁸⁶Nb > [ 100 % , β+ , 6,955.8 keV ] > ⁸⁶Zr													100.000'000	%	⁸⁶Sr
Isotope_041_nb_87_u	Unstable	⁸⁷Nb	Boson	41	p	46	n	1/1	-1	86.920'361'108'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-74.183'150'000'0	MeV	8.555'305'000'0	MeV	-		-		7.13E-6	year	225.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	4,142.800	keV	⁸⁷Zr	⁸⁷Nb > [ 100 % , β+ , 4,142.8 keV ] > ⁸⁷Zr													100.000'000	%	⁸⁷Sr
Isotope_041_nb_88_u	Unstable	⁸⁸Nb	Fermion	41	p	47	n	8	1	87.918'332'163'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-76.073'101'000'0	MeV	8.571'8.571'8.571'8.571	MeV	-		-		2.76E-5	year	870.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	6,528.000	keV	⁸⁸Zr	⁸⁸Nb > [ 100 % , β+ , 6,528.0 keV ] > ⁸⁸Zr													100.000'000	%	⁸⁸Sr
Isotope_041_nb_89_u	Unstable	⁸⁹Nb	Boson	41	p	48	n	9/2	1	88.913'418'245'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-80.650'386'000'0	MeV	8.617'094'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.32E-4	year	7.310	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	6,528.000	keV	⁸⁸Zr	⁸⁹Nb > [ 100 % , β+ , 6,528.0 keV ] > ⁸⁸Zr													100.000'000	%	⁸⁹Y
Isotope_041_nb_90_u	Unstable	⁹⁰Nb	Fermion	41	p	49	n	8	1	89.911'264'845'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-82.656'265'000'0	MeV	8.633'318'000'0	MeV	4.961'000'000'0	nm	-		1.67E-3	year	52.596	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	5,088.800	keV	⁹⁰Zr	⁹⁰Nb > [ 100 % , β+ , 5,088.8 keV ] > ⁹⁰Zr													100.000'000	%	⁹⁰Zr
Isotope_041_nb_91_u	Unstable	⁹¹Nb	Boson	41	p	50	n	9/2	1	90.906'996'243'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-86.632'442'000'0	MeV	8.670'836'000'0	MeV	-		-		6.82E+2	years	21.516	giga-seconds ( x⁹ )	100.000'000	%	ϵ	1,257.960	keV	⁹¹Zr	⁹¹Nb > [ 100 % , ϵ , 1,257.96 keV ] > ⁹¹Zr	e+	?	keV	⁹¹Zr	⁹¹Nb > [ , e+ , ? keV ] > ⁹¹Zr								100.013'800	%	⁹¹Zr
Isotope_041_nb_92_u	Unstable	⁹²Nb	Fermion	41	p	51	n	7	1	91.907'193'888'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-86.448'337'000'0	MeV	8.662'318'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.49E+7	years	1.101	peta-seconds ( x¹⁵ )	100.000'000	%	β+	983.340	keV	⁹²Zr	⁹²Nb > [ 100 % , β+ , 983.34 keV ] > ⁹²Zr	β-	356.670	keV	⁹²Mo	⁹²Nb > [ , β- , 356.67 keV ] > ⁹²Mo								100.000'000	%	⁹²Zr
Isotope_041_nb_93_s	Stable	⁹³Nb	Boson	41	p	52	n	9/2	1	92.906'378'058'0	u	100.000'000	%	92.906'378'058'0	-87.208'278'000'0	MeV	8.664'135'000'0	MeV	6.170'500'000'0	nm	0.320'000'000'0	b	-
Isotope_041_nb_94_u	Unstable	⁹⁴Nb	Fermion	41	p	53	n	6	1	93.907'283'888'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-86.364'502'000'0	MeV	8.648'852'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.03E+4	years	641.566	giga-seconds ( x⁹ )	100.000'000	%	β-	2,045.210	keV	⁹⁴Mo	⁹⁴Nb > [ 100 % , β- , 2,045.21 keV ] > ⁹⁴Mo													100.000'000	%	⁹⁴Mo
Isotope_041_nb_95_u	Unstable	⁹⁵Nb	Boson	41	p	54	n	9/2	1	94.906'835'792'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-86.781'901'000'0	MeV	8.647'166'000'0	MeV	6.141'000'000'0	nm	-		9.58E-2	year	3.023	mega-seconds ( x⁶ )	100.000'000	%	β-	925.591	keV	⁹⁵Mo	⁹⁵Nb > [ 100 % , β- , 925.591 keV ] > ⁹⁵Mo													100.000'000	%	⁹⁵Mo
Isotope_041_nb_96_u	Unstable	⁹⁶Nb	Fermion	41	p	55	n	6	1	95.908'100'647'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-85.603'696'000'0	MeV	8.628'895'000'0	MeV	4.976'000'000'0	nm	-		2.62E-3	year	82.800	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	3,186.800	keV	⁹⁶Mo	⁹⁶Nb > [ 100 % , β- , 3,186.8 keV ] > ⁹⁶Mo													100.000'000	%	⁹⁶Mo
Isotope_041_nb_97_u	Unstable	⁹⁷Nb	Boson	41	p	56	n	9/2	1	96.908'098'556'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-85.605'644'000'0	MeV	8.623'167'000'0	MeV	6.153'000'000'0	nm	-		1.37E-4	year	4.330	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	1,934.800	keV	⁹⁷Mo	⁹⁷Nb > [ 100 % , β- , 1,934.8 keV ] > ⁹⁷Mo													100.000'000	%	⁹⁷Mo
Isotope_041_nb_98_u	Unstable	⁹⁸Nb	Fermion	41	p	57	n	1	1	97.910'328'412'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-83.528'547'000'0	MeV	8.596'341'000'0	MeV	-		-		9.06E-8	year	2.860	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	4,583.180	keV	⁹⁸Mo	⁹⁸Nb > [ 100 % , β- , 4,583.18 keV ] > ⁹⁸Mo													?	%	⁹⁸Ru
Isotope_041_nb_99_u	Unstable	⁹⁹Nb	Boson	41	p	58	n	9/2	1	98.911'618'375'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-82.326'954'000'0	MeV	8.578'900'000'0	MeV	-		-		4.75E-7	year	15.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	3,638.900	keV	⁹⁹Mo	⁹⁹Nb > [ 100 % , β- , 3,638.9 keV ] > ⁹⁹Mo													100.000'000	%	⁹⁹Ru
Isotope_041_nb_100_u	Unstable	¹⁰⁰Nb	Fermion	41	p	59	n	1	1	99.914'181'619'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-79.939'307'000'0	MeV	8.549'948'000'0	MeV	-		-		4.75E-8	year	1.500	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	6,245.000	keV	¹⁰⁰Mo	¹⁰⁰Nb > [ 100 % , β- , 6,245.0 keV ] > ¹⁰⁰Mo													100.000'000	%	¹⁰⁰Ru
Isotope_041_nb_101_u	Unstable	¹⁰¹Nb	Boson	41	p	60	n	5/2	1	100.915'252'025'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-78.942'231'000'0	MeV	8.535'337'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.25E-7	year	7.100	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	4,569.000	keV	¹⁰¹Mo	¹⁰¹Nb > [ 100 % , β- , 4,569.0 keV ] > ¹⁰¹Mo													100.000'000	%	¹⁰¹Ru
Isotope_041_nb_102_u	Unstable	¹⁰²Nb	Fermion	41	p	61	n	1	1	101.918'037'614'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-76.347'471'000'0	MeV	8.505'349'000'0	MeV	-		-		4.12E-8	year	1.300	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	7,210.000	keV	¹⁰²Mo	¹⁰²Nb > [ 100 % , β- , 7,210.0 keV ] > ¹⁰²Mo													100.000'000	%	¹⁰²Ru
Isotope_041_nb_103_u	Unstable	¹⁰³Nb	Boson	41	p	62	n	5/2	1	102.919'143'842'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-75.317'027'000'0	MeV	-75.317'027'000'0	MeV	-		-		4.75E-8	year	1.500	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	5,530.000	keV	¹⁰³Mo	¹⁰³Nb > [ 100 % , β- , 5,530.0 keV ] > ¹⁰³Mo													100.000'000	%	¹⁰³Rh
Isotope_041_nb_104_u	Unstable	¹⁰⁴Nb	Fermion	41	p	63	n	1	1	103.922'464'701'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-72.223'666'000'0	MeV	8.457'350'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.55E-6	year	49.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	8,105.000	keV	¹⁰⁴Mo	¹⁰⁴Nb > [ 100 % , β- , 8,105.0 keV ] > ¹⁰⁴Mo	β-n	552.000	keV	¹⁰³Mo	¹⁰⁴Nb > [ , β-n , 552.0 keV ] > ¹⁰³Mo								0.060'000	%	¹⁰³Rh	?	%	¹⁰⁴Pd
Isotope_041_nb_105_u	Unstable	¹⁰⁵Nb	Boson	41	p	64	n	5/2	1	104.923'936'545'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-70.852'653'000'0	MeV	8.440'617'000'0	MeV	-		-		9.35E-8	year	2.950	seconds ( x⁰ )	98.000'000	%	β-	6,485.000	keV	¹⁰⁵Mo	¹⁰⁵Nb > [ 98 % , β- , 6,485.0 keV ] > ¹⁰⁵Mo	β-n	1,405.000	keV	¹⁰⁴Mo	¹⁰⁵Nb > [ , β-n , 1,405.0 keV ] > ¹⁰⁴Mo								98.000'000	%	¹⁰⁵Pd	?	%	¹⁰⁴Pd
Isotope_041_nb_106_u	Unstable	¹⁰⁶Nb	Fermion	41	p	65	n	2	1	105.927'970'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-67.096'000'000'0	MeV	8.402'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.92E-8	year	920.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	95.000'000	%	β-	9,160.000	keV	¹⁰⁶Mo	¹⁰⁶Nb > [ 95 % , β- , 9,160.0 keV ] > ¹⁰⁶Mo	β-n	2,171.000	keV	¹⁰⁵Mo	¹⁰⁶Nb > [ , β-n , 2,171.0 keV ] > ¹⁰⁵Mo								95.000'000	%	¹⁰⁶Pd	4.500'000	%	¹⁰⁵Pd
Isotope_041_nb_107_u	Unstable	¹⁰⁷Nb	Boson	41	p	66	n	5/2	1	106.930'310'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-64.916'000'000'0	MeV	8.378'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		9.51E-9	year	300.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	94.000'000	%	β-	8,027.000	keV	¹⁰⁷Mo	¹⁰⁷Nb > [ 94 % , β- , 8,027.0 keV ] > ¹⁰⁷Mo	β-n	3,268.000	keV	¹⁰⁶Mo	¹⁰⁷Nb > [ , β-n , 3,268.0 keV ] > ¹⁰⁶Mo								94.000'000	%	¹⁰⁷Ag	6.000'000	%	¹⁰⁶Pd
Isotope_041_nb_108_u	Unstable	¹⁰⁸Nb	Fermion	41	p	67	n	2	1	107.934'840'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-60.696'000'000'0	MeV	8.336'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		6.12E-9	year	193.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	94.000'000	%	β-	10,670.000	keV	¹⁰⁸Mo	¹⁰⁸Nb > [ 94 % , β- , 10,670.0 keV ] > ¹⁰⁸Mo	β-n	4,175.000	keV	¹⁰⁷Mo	¹⁰⁸Nb > [ , β-n , 4,175.0 keV ] > ¹⁰⁷Mo								94.000'000	%	¹⁰⁸Pd	6.200'000	%	¹⁰⁷Ag
Isotope_041_nb_109_u	Unstable	¹⁰⁹Nb	Boson	41	p	68	n	5/2	1	108.937'630'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-58.097'000'000'0	MeV	8.310'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		6.02E-9	year	190.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	69.000'000	%	β-	9,147.000	keV	¹⁰⁹Mo	¹⁰⁹Nb > [ 69 % , β- , 9,147.0 keV ] > ¹⁰⁹Mo	β-n	5,134.000	keV	¹⁰⁸Mo	¹⁰⁹Nb > [ , β-n , 5,134.0 keV ] > ¹⁰⁸Mo								69.000'000	%	¹⁰⁹Ag	31.055'200	%	¹⁰⁸Pd
Isotope_041_nb_110_u	Unstable	¹¹⁰Nb	Fermion	41	p	69	n	2	1	109.942'440'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-53.617'000'000'0	MeV	8.267'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		5.39E-9	year	170.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	60.000'000	%	β-	11,839.000	keV	¹¹⁰Mo	¹¹⁰Nb > [ 60 % , β- , 11,839.0 keV ] > ¹¹⁰Mo	β-n	5,556.000	keV	¹⁰⁹Mo	¹¹⁰Nb > [ , β-n , 5,556.0 keV ] > ¹⁰⁹Mo								40.024'000	%	¹⁰⁹Ag	0.032'000	%	¹⁰⁸Pd	?	%	¹¹⁰Cd
Isotope_041_nb_111_u	Unstable	¹¹¹Nb	Boson	41	p	70	n	5/2	1	110.945'650'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-50.627'000'000'0	MeV	8.238'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.54E-9	year	80.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	10,470.000	keV	¹¹¹Mo	¹¹¹Nb > [ ? % , β- , 10,470.0 keV ] > ¹¹¹Mo													?	%	¹¹¹Cd	?	%	¹¹⁰Cd
Isotope_041_nb_112_u	Unstable	¹¹²Nb	Fermion	41	p	71	n	2	1	111.950'830'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-45.802'000'000'0	MeV	8.194'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.90E-9	year	60.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	13,032.000	keV	¹¹²Mo	¹¹²Nb > [ ? % , β- , 13,032.0 keV ] > ¹¹²Mo													?	%	¹¹²Cd	?	%	¹¹¹Cd
Isotope_041_nb_113_u	Unstable	¹¹³Nb	Boson	41	p	72	n	5/2	1	112.954'700'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-42.197'000'000'0	MeV	8.161'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		9.51E-10	year	30.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	11,942.000	keV	¹¹³Mo	¹¹³Nb > [ ? % , β- , 11,942.0 keV ] > ¹¹³Mo													?	%	¹¹³In	?	%	¹¹²Cd

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