31 – Gallium, Ga

PERIODIC TABLE

Spectrograph
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Elemental Tile
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Gallium Crystals
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Gallium is a soft, silvery metal, and elemental gallium is a brittle solid at low temperatures, and melts at 29.76 °C, slightly above room temperature and is commonly used as a temperature reference point.

1875 by Paul-Emile Lecoq, France.

DISCOVERY

Latin, 'Gallia' meaning 'France'.

ETYMOLOGY

Gallium

Element

Ga

Symbol

31 Atomic Number

Basic Metal

Classification

7440-55-3

CAS Number

Silver

Elemental Colour

-

Refractive Index

-

Poisson Ratio

11.809 cm³

Molar Volume

60.00M Pa, 592.154'0 Atm

592.154'0 Atm

Brinell Hardness

1.50 Mohs Hardness

-

Vickers Hardness

2,740 m/s, Mach 7.988'3

2,740 m/s

Speed of Sound

-

Bulk Modulus

-

Shear Modulus

-

Young Modulus

Allotropes

302.91 K, 29.76 °C

29.76 °C

Melting Point

2,477.15 K, 2,204.00 °C

2,204.00 °C

Boiling Point

-

Automatic Ignition

-

Flashpoint

-

Critical Temperature

-

Critical Pressure

29.000'000 W/(m K)

Thermal Conductivity

0.000'120'0 K^-1

Thermal Expansion

371.00 J/(kg K)

Specific Heat

5.590 kJ/mol

Heat Fusion

256.000 kJ/mol

Heat Vaporisation

-

Heat Combustion

-

Curie Point

-

Neel Point

-

Adiabatic Index

Solid

Phase

Conductor

Electrical Type

7.10M S/m

Conductivity

140.00n Ω.m

Resistivity

1.083 K

Superconducting Point

Diamagnetic

Magnetic Type

-0.000'000'003'0

Mass Susceptibility

-0.000'000'000'209'00

Molar Susceptibility

-0.000'017'700'00

Volume Susceptibility

Material Composition

0.000'001 %

Universe

0.000'76 %

Meteorites

0.000'004 %

Sun

0.001'9 %

Earth Crust

0.000'000'003 %

Oceans

-

Humans

69.723'065'6

Atomic Weight

136 pm

Atomic Radius

124 pm

Covalent Radius Single Bond

117 pm

Covalent Radius Double Bond

121 pm

Covalent Radius Triple Bond

187 pm

Van der Waals Radius

[Ar]4s²3d¹⁰4p¹

Electron Configuration

Orthorhombic, Primitive

Crystal Structure

5.904'00 g/cm³

Density as Solid

6.095'00 g/cm³

Density as Liquid

-

Density as Gas

Cmca

Space Group Name

64 Space Group Number

π/2, π/2 & π/2

Lattice Angles

451.97, 766.33 & 452.6 pm

Lattice Constants

3 Valence

1.81 Electronegativity

39.56 kJ/mol

Electron Affinity

Ionisation Energy

Stable

Half Life

Stable

Lifetime

4p¹ = 4, 1, -1, +1/2

Quantum Numbers

6.830'00 b σ_s

Neutron Cross Section

2.750'00 b σ_a

Neutron Mass Absorption

Stable Isotopes

Unstable Isotopes

Isotopes Overview

Isotope	Stability	Symbol	Type	Protons		Neutrons		Spin	Parity	Mass		Abundance		Mass Measure	Mass Excess		Binding Energy		Dipole Moment		Quadrupole Moment		Halflife in Years		Halflife in Seconds		A01 Decay Probability		A01 Decay Mode	A01 Decay Energy		A01 Decay Daughter	A01 Decay Link	A02 Decay Probability		A02 Decay Mode	A02 Decay Energy		A02 Decay Daughter	A02 Decay Link	A03 Decay Probability		A03 Decay Mode	A03 Decay Energy		A03 Decay Daughter	A03 Decay Link	Y01 Decay Product Yield		Y01 Decay Product Nuclide	Y02 Decay Product Yield		Y02 Decay Product Nuclide	Y03 Decay Product Yield		Y03 Decay Product Nuclide
Isotope_031_ga_56_u	Unstable	⁵⁶Ga	Fermion	31	p	25	n	3	1	55.994'910'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-4.741'000'000'0	MeV	7.723'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		?				?	%	p	2,892.000	keV	⁵⁵Zn	⁵⁶Ga > [ ? % , p , 2,892.0 keV ] > ⁵⁵Zn															?	%	⁵⁵Mn	?	%	⁵⁴Cr
Isotope_031_ga_57_u	Unstable	⁵⁷Ga	Boson	31	p	26	n	1/2	-1	56.982'930'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-15.901'000'000'0	MeV	7.925'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		?				?	%	p	2,538.000	keV	⁵⁶Zn	⁵⁷Ga > [ ? % , p , 2,538.0 keV ] > ⁵⁶Zn															?	%	⁵⁵Mn	?	%	⁵⁶Fe
Isotope_031_ga_58_u	Unstable	⁵⁸Ga	Fermion	31	p	27	n	2	1	57.974'250'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-23.986'000'000'0	MeV	8.067'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		?				?	%	p	1,525.000	keV	⁵⁷Zn	⁵⁸Ga > [ ? % , p , 1,525.0 keV ] > ⁵⁷Zn															?	%	⁵⁷Fe	?	%	⁵⁶Fe
Isotope_031_ga_59_u	Unstable	⁵⁹Ga	Boson	31	p	28	n	3/2	-1	58.963'370'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-34.121'000'000'0	MeV	8.239'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		?				?	%	p	888.000	keV	⁵⁸Zn	⁵⁹Ga > [ ? % , p , 888.0 keV ] > ⁵⁸Zn															?	%	⁵⁷Fe	?	%	⁵⁸Fe
Isotope_031_ga_60_u	Unstable	⁶⁰Ga	Fermion	31	p	29	n	2	1	59.957'060'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-39.998'000'000'0	MeV	8.334'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.22E-9	year	70.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	98.000'000	%	β+	13,167.000	keV	⁶⁰Zn	⁶⁰Ga > [ 98 % , β+ , 13,167.0 keV ] > ⁶⁰Zn	1.600'000	%	β+p	?	keV	⁵⁹Cu	⁶⁰Ga > [ 1.6 % , β+p , ? keV ] > ⁵⁹Cu	0.023'000	%	β+α	?	keV	⁵⁶Ni	⁶⁰Ga > [ 0.023 % , β+α , ? keV ] > ⁵⁶Ni	98.000'000	%	⁶⁰Ni	1.600'000	%	⁵⁹Co	0.023'000	%	⁵⁶Fe
Isotope_031_ga_61_u	Unstable	⁶¹Ga	Boson	31	p	30	n	3/2	-1	60.949'446'287'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-47.090'480'000'0	MeV	8.445'706'000'0	MeV	-		-		5.32E-9	year	168.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	8,232.800	keV	⁶¹Zn	⁶¹Ga > [ 100 % , β+ , 8,232.8 keV ] > ⁶¹Zn		%	β+p	?	keV	⁶⁰Cu	⁶¹Ga > [ 0 % , β+p , ? keV ] > ⁶⁰Cu								100.000'000	%	⁶¹Ni	?	%	⁶⁰Ni
Isotope_031_ga_62_u	Unstable	⁶²Ga	Fermion	31	p	31	n	0	1	61.944'175'238'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-52.000'431'000'0	MeV	8.518'860'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.68E-9	year	115.990	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	8,148.800	keV	⁶²Zn	⁶²Ga > [ 100 % , β+ , 8,148.8 keV ] > ⁶²Zn															100.000'000	%	⁶²Ni
Isotope_031_ga_63_u	Unstable	⁶³Ga	Boson	31	p	32	n	3/2	-1	62.939'294'196'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-56.547'093'000'0	MeV	8.583'926'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.03E-6	year	32.400	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	4,643.730	keV	⁶³Zn	⁶³Ga > [ 100 % , β+ , 4,643.73 keV ] > ⁶³Zn															100.000'000	%	⁶³Cu
Isotope_031_ga_64_u	Unstable	⁶⁴Ga	Fermion	31	p	33	n	0	1	63.936'838'747'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-58.834'328'000'0	MeV	8.611'654'000'0	MeV	-		-		4.99E-6	year	157.602	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	6,147.070	keV	⁶⁴Zn	⁶⁴Ga > [ 100 % , β+ , 6,147.07 keV ] > ⁶⁴Zn															?	%	⁶⁴Ni
Isotope_031_ga_65_u	Unstable	⁶⁵Ga	Boson	31	p	34	n	3/2	-1	64.932'734'754'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-62.657'173'000'0	MeV	8.662'154'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.89E-5	year	912.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	2,232.226	keV	⁶⁵Zn	⁶⁵Ga > [ 100 % , β+ , 2,232.226 keV ] > ⁶⁵Zn															100.000'000	%	⁶⁵Cu
Isotope_031_ga_66_u	Unstable	⁶⁶Ga	Fermion	31	p	35	n	0	1	65.931'589'010'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-63.724'427'000'0	MeV	8.669'373'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.08E-3	year	34.200	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	4,152.800	keV	⁶⁶Zn	⁶⁶Ga > [ 100 % , β+ , 4,152.8 keV ] > ⁶⁶Zn															100.000'000	%	⁶⁶Zn
Isotope_031_ga_67_u	Unstable	⁶⁷Ga	Boson	31	p	36	n	3/2	-1	66.928'201'703'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-66.879'683'000'0	MeV	8.707'540'000'0	MeV	1.850'700'000'0	nm	0.195'000'000'0	b	8.93E-3	year	281.770	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	ϵ	1,000.760	keV	⁶⁷Zn	⁶⁷Ga > [ 100 % , ϵ , 1,000.76 keV ] > ⁶⁷Zn															100.000'000	%	⁶⁷Zn
Isotope_031_ga_68_u	Unstable	⁶⁸Ga	Fermion	31	p	37	n	1	1	67.927'980'084'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-67.086'120'000'0	MeV	8.701'220'000'0	MeV	0.011'750'000'0	nm	0.027'700'000'0	b	1.29E-4	year	4.063	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	1,898.900	keV	⁶⁸Zn	⁶⁸Ga > [ 100 % , β+ , 1,898.9 keV ] > ⁶⁸Zn															100.000'000	%	⁶⁸Zn
Isotope_031_ga_69_s	Stable	⁶⁹Ga	Boson	31	p	38	n	3/2	-1	68.925'573'587'0	u	60.108'000	%	41.429'783'771'7	-69.327'758'000'0	MeV	8.724'578'000'0	MeV	2.016'590'000'0	nm	0.168'000'000'0	b	-
Isotope_031_ga_70_u	Unstable	⁷⁰Ga	Fermion	31	p	39	n	1	1	69.926'021'972'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-68.910'089'000'0	MeV	8.709'279'000'0	MeV	-		-		4.02E-5	year	1.268	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	1,653.020	keV	⁷⁰Ge	⁷⁰Ga > [ 100 % , β- , 1,653.02 keV ] > ⁷⁰Ge	0.410'000	%	ϵ	654.560	keV	⁷⁰Zn	⁷⁰Ga > [ 0.41 % , ϵ , 654.56 keV ] > ⁷⁰Zn								100.000'000	%	⁷⁰Zn
Isotope_031_ga_71_s	Stable	⁷¹Ga	Boson	31	p	40	n	3/2	-1	70.924'701'349'0	u	39.892'000	%	28.293'281'862'1	-70.140'242'000'0	MeV	8.717'620'000'0	MeV	2.562'266'000'0	nm	0.106'000'000'0	b	-
Isotope_031_ga_72_u	Unstable	⁷²Ga	Fermion	31	p	41	n	3	-1	71.926'366'268'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-68.589'380'000'0	MeV	8.687'104'000'0	MeV	-0.132'240'000'0	nm	0.520'000'000'0	b	1.61E-3	year	50.796	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	3,996.530	keV	⁷²Ge	⁷²Ga > [ 100 % , β- , 3,996.53 keV ] > ⁷²Ge															100.000'000	%	⁷²Ge
Isotope_031_ga_73_u	Unstable	⁷³Ga	Boson	31	p	42	n	3/2	-1	72.925'174'682'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-69.699'335'000'0	MeV	8.693'873'000'0	MeV	-		-		5.55E-4	year	17.500	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	1,598.200	keV	⁷³Ge	⁷³Ga > [ 100 % , β- , 1,598.2 keV ] > ⁷³Ge															100.000'000	%	⁷³Ge
Isotope_031_ga_74_u	Unstable	⁷⁴Ga	Fermion	31	p	43	n	3	-1	73.926'945'762'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-68.049'585'000'0	MeV	8.663'166'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.54E-5	year	487.020	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	5,372.850	keV	⁷⁴Ge	⁷⁴Ga > [ 100 % , β- , 5,372.85 keV ] > ⁷⁴Ge															100.000'000	%	⁷⁴Ge
Isotope_031_ga_75_u	Unstable	⁷⁵Ga	Boson	31	p	44	n	3/2	-1	74.926'500'246'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-68.464'580'000'0	MeV	8.660'808'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.99E-6	year	126.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	3,391.850	keV	⁷⁵Ge	⁷⁵Ga > [ 100 % , β- , 3,391.85 keV ] > ⁷⁵Ge															100.000'000	%	⁷⁵As
Isotope_031_ga_76_u	Unstable	⁷⁶Ga	Fermion	31	p	45	n	?	0	75.928'827'626'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-66.296'640'000'0	MeV	8.624'526'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.03E-6	year	32.600	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	6,916.410	keV	⁷⁶Ge	⁷⁶Ga > [ 100 % , β- , 6,916.41 keV ] > ⁷⁶Ge															100.000'000	%	⁷⁶Se
Isotope_031_ga_77_u	Unstable	⁷⁷Ga	Boson	31	p	46	n	3/2	-1	76.929'154'300'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-65.992'344'000'0	MeV	8.613'390'000'0	MeV	-		-		4.18E-7	year	13.200	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	5,221.690	keV	⁷⁷Ge	⁷⁷Ga > [ 100 % , β- , 5,221.69 keV ] > ⁷⁷Ge															100.000'000	%	⁷⁷Se
Isotope_031_ga_78_u	Unstable	⁷⁸Ga	Fermion	31	p	47	n	3	1	77.931'608'180'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-63.706'570'000'0	MeV	8.577'135'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.61E-7	year	5.090	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	8,155.640	keV	⁷⁸Ge	⁷⁸Ga > [ 100 % , β- , 8,155.64 keV ] > ⁷⁸Ge															100.000'000	%	⁷⁸Se
Isotope_031_ga_79_u	Unstable	⁷⁹Ga	Boson	31	p	48	n	3/2	-1	78.932'893'260'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-62.509'526'000'0	MeV	8.555'580'000'0	MeV	-		-		9.02E-8	year	2.847	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	6,979.000	keV	⁷⁹Ge	⁷⁹Ga > [ 100 % , β- , 6,979.0 keV ] > ⁷⁹Ge	0.089'000	%	β-n	1,281.400	keV	⁷⁸Ge	⁷⁹Ga > [ 0.089 % , β-n , 1,281.4 keV ] > ⁷⁸Ge								100.000'000	%	⁷⁹Br	0.089'000	%	⁷⁸Se
Isotope_031_ga_80_u	Unstable	⁸⁰Ga	Fermion	31	p	49	n	3	0	79.936'515'781'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-59.135'169'000'0	MeV	8.507'347'000'0	MeV	-		-		5.38E-8	year	1.697	seconds ( x⁰ )	99.000'000	%	β-	10,380.000	keV	⁸⁰Ge	⁸⁰Ga > [ 99 % , β- , 10,380.0 keV ] > ⁸⁰Ge	0.890'000	%	β-n	2,282.000	keV	⁷⁹Ge	⁸⁰Ga > [ 0.89 % , β-n , 2,282.0 keV ] > ⁷⁹Ge								89.000'000	%	⁷⁹Br	?	%	⁸⁰Kr
Isotope_031_ga_81_u	Unstable	⁸¹Ga	Boson	31	p	50	n	5/2	-1	80.937'752'355'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-57.983'308'000'0	MeV	8.487'744'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.86E-8	year	1.217	seconds ( x⁰ )	88.000'000	%	β-	8,320.000	keV	⁸¹Ge	⁸¹Ga > [ 88 % , β- , 8,320.0 keV ] > ⁸¹Ge	11.900'000	%	β-n	3,461.000	keV	⁸⁰Ge	⁸¹Ga > [ 11.9 % , β-n , 3,461.0 keV ] > ⁸⁰Ge								88.000'000	%	⁸¹Br	?	%	⁸⁰Kr
Isotope_031_ga_82_u	Unstable	⁸²Ga	Fermion	31	p	51	n	?	0	81.942'990'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-53.104'000'000'0	MeV	8.423'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.90E-8	year	599.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	79.000'000	%	β-	12,520.000	keV	⁸²Ge	⁸²Ga > [ 79 % , β- , 12,520.0 keV ] > ⁸²Ge	21.300'000	%	β-n	5,128.000	keV	⁸²Ge	⁸²Ga > [ 21.3 % , β-n , 5,128.0 keV ] > ⁸²Ge								79.000'000	%	⁸²Kr	21.300'000	%	⁸¹Br
Isotope_031_ga_83_u	Unstable	⁸³Ga	Boson	31	p	52	n	3/2	-1	82.946'980'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-49.388'000'000'0	MeV	8.374'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		9.76E-9	year	308.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	63.000'000	%	β-	11,513.000	keV	⁸³Ge	⁸³Ga > [ 63 % , β- , 11,513.0 keV ] > ⁸³Ge	37.000'000	%	β-n	8,165.000	keV	⁸²Ge	⁸³Ga > [ 37 % , β-n , 8,165.0 keV ] > ⁸²Ge								63.000'000	%	⁸³Kr	37.000'000	%	⁸²Kr
Isotope_031_ga_84_u	Unstable	⁸⁴Ga	Fermion	31	p	53	n	?	0	83.952'650'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-44.106'000'000'0	MeV	8.308'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.69E-9	year	85.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	70.000'000	%	β-n	8,724.000	keV	⁸³Ge	⁸⁴Ga > [ 70 % , β-n , 8,724.0 keV ] > ⁸³Ge	30.000'000	%	β-	14,140.000	keV	⁸⁴Ge	⁸⁴Ga > [ 30 % , β- , 14,140.0 keV ] > ⁸⁴Ge								73.314'760	%	⁸³Kr	26.700'000	%	⁸⁴Kr
Isotope_031_ga_85_u	Unstable	⁸⁵Ga	Boson	31	p	54	n	3/2	-1	84.957'000'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-40.054'000'000'0	MeV	8.257'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.58E-9	year	50.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	13,013.000	keV	⁸⁵Ge	⁸⁵Ga > [ ? % , β- , 13,013.0 keV ] > ⁸⁵Ge															?	%	⁸⁵Rb	?	%	⁸⁴Kr	?	%	⁸³Kr
Isotope_031_ga_86_u	Unstable	⁸⁶Ga	Fermion	31	p	55	n	?	0	85.963'120'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-34.353'000'000'0	MeV	8.189'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		9.51E-10	year	30.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	15,491.000	keV	⁸⁶Ge	⁸⁶Ga > [ ? % , β- , 15,491.0 keV ] > ⁸⁶Ge															?	%	⁸⁵Rb	?	%	⁸⁴Kr	?	%	⁸⁶Sr

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