28 – Nickel, Ni

PERIODIC TABLE

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Elemental Tile
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Nickel
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Nickel is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge and belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile. Pure nickel shows a significant chemical activity that can be observed when nickel is powdered to maximize the exposed surface area on which reactions can occur, but larger pieces of the metal are slow to react with air at ambient conditions due to the formation of a protective oxide surface.

1751 by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, Sweden.

DISCOVERY

German, word 'kupfernickel' meaning Devil’s copper or St Nicholas’s (Old Nick’s) copper.

ETYMOLOGY

Nickel

Element

Ni

Symbol

28 Atomic Number

Transition Metal

Classification

7440-02-0

CAS Number

Grey

Elemental Colour

-

Refractive Index

0.310 Poisson Ratio

6.589 cm³

Molar Volume

700.00M Pa, 6.908'5k Atm

6.908'5k Atm

Brinell Hardness

4.00 Mohs Hardness

638.00M Pa, 6.296'6k Atm

6.296'6k Atm

Vickers Hardness

4,970 m/s, Mach 14.489'8

4,970 m/s

Speed of Sound

180.00G Pa, 1.776'5M Atm

1.776'5M Atm

Bulk Modulus

76.00G Pa, 750.061'7k Atm

750.061'7k Atm

Shear Modulus

200.00G Pa, 1.973'8M Atm

1.973'8M Atm

Young Modulus

Allotropes

NONE

1,728.15 K, 1,455.00 °C

1,455.00 °C

Melting Point

3,186.15 K, 2,913.00 °C

2,913.00 °C

Boiling Point

-

Automatic Ignition

-

Flashpoint

-

Critical Temperature

-

Critical Pressure

91.000'000 W/(m K)

Thermal Conductivity

0.000'013'4 K^-1

Thermal Expansion

445.00 J/(kg K)

Specific Heat

17.200 kJ/mol

Heat Fusion

378.000 kJ/mol

Heat Vaporisation

-

Heat Combustion

631.00 K, 357.85 °C

357.85 °C

Curie Point

-

Neel Point

-

Adiabatic Index

Solid

Phase

Conductor

Electrical Type

14.00M S/m

Conductivity

70.00n Ω.m

Resistivity

-

Superconducting Point

Ferromagnetic

Magnetic Type

-

Mass Susceptibility

-

Molar Susceptibility

-

Volume Susceptibility

Material Composition

0.006 %

Universe

1.3 %

Meteorites

0.008 %

Sun

0.008'9 %

Earth Crust

0.000'000'2 %

Oceans

0.000'01 %

Humans

58.693'351'6

Atomic Weight

149 pm

Atomic Radius

110 pm

Covalent Radius Single Bond

101 pm

Covalent Radius Double Bond

101 pm

Covalent Radius Triple Bond

184 pm

Van der Waals Radius

[Ar]4s²3d⁸

Electron Configuration

Cubic, Face-centred

Crystal Structure

8.908'00 g/cm³

Density as Solid

7.810'00 g/cm³

Density as Liquid

-

Density as Gas

Fm_3m

Space Group Name

225 Space Group Number

π/2, π/2 & π/2

Lattice Angles

352.4, 352.4 & 352.4 pm

Lattice Constants

2 Valence

1.91 Electronegativity

111.65 kJ/mol

Electron Affinity

Ionisation Energy

Stable

Half Life

Stable

Lifetime

3d⁸ = 3, 2, 0, -1/2

Quantum Numbers

18.500'00 b σ_s

Neutron Cross Section

4.490'00 b σ_a

Neutron Mass Absorption

Stable Isotopes

Unstable Isotopes

Isotopes Overview

Isotope	Stability	Symbol	Type	Protons		Neutrons		Spin	Parity	Mass		Abundance		Mass Measure	Mass Excess		Binding Energy		Dipole Moment		Quadrupole Moment		Halflife in Years		Halflife in Seconds		A01 Decay Probability		A01 Decay Mode	A01 Decay Energy		A01 Decay Daughter	A01 Decay Link	A02 Decay Probability		A02 Decay Mode	A02 Decay Energy		A02 Decay Daughter	A02 Decay Link	Y01 Decay Product Yield		Y01 Decay Product Nuclide	Y02 Decay Product Yield		Y02 Decay Product Nuclide	Y03 Decay Product Yield		Y03 Decay Product Nuclide	Y04 Decay Product Yield
Isotope_028_ni_48_u	Unstable	⁴⁸Ni	Boson	28	p	20	n	0	1	48.019'750'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	18.397'000'000'0	MeV	7.232'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.17E-10	year	10.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	2p	3,065.000	keV	⁴⁶Fe	⁴⁸Ni > [ ? % , 2p , 3,065.0 keV ] > ⁴⁶Fe								?	%	⁴⁶Ti	?	%	⁴⁵Sc	?	%	⁴⁴Ca	⁴²Ca	%
Isotope_028_ni_49_u	Unstable	⁴⁹Ni	Fermion	28	p	21	n	7/2	-1	49.009'660'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	8.998'000'000'0	MeV	7.441'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		4.12E-10	year	13.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	17,552.000	keV	⁴⁹Co	⁴⁹Ni > [ 100 % , β+ , 17,552.0 keV ] > ⁴⁹Co	?	%	β+p	?	keV	⁴⁸Fe	⁴⁹Ni > [ ? % , β+p , ? keV ] > ⁴⁸Fe	?	%	⁴⁸Ti	?	%	⁴⁷Ti	?	%	⁴⁴Ca
Isotope_028_ni_50_u	Unstable	⁵⁰Ni	Boson	28	p	22	n	0	1	49.995'930'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-3.791'000'000'0	MeV	7.709'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.88E-10	year	9.100	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β+	12,382.000	keV	⁵⁰Co	⁵⁰Ni > [ ? % , β+ , 12,382.0 keV ] > ⁵⁰Co								?	%	⁴⁹Ti	?	%	⁵⁰Ti
Isotope_028_ni_51_u	Unstable	⁵¹Ni	Fermion	28	p	23	n	7/2	-1	50.987'720'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-11.439'000'000'0	MeV	7.866'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		9.51E-10	year	30.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β+	14,813.000	keV	⁵¹Co	⁵¹Ni > [ ? % , β+ , 14,813.0 keV ] > ⁵¹Co								?	%	⁵¹V
Isotope_028_ni_52_u	Unstable	⁵²Ni	Boson	28	p	24	n	0	1	51.975'680'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-22.654'000'000'0	MeV	8.086'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.20E-9	year	38.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	83.000'000	%	β+	10,240.000	keV	⁵²Co	⁵²Ni > [ 83 % , β+ , 10,240.0 keV ] > ⁵²Co	17.000'000	%	β+p	?	keV	⁵¹Fe	⁵²Ni > [ 17 % , β+p , ? keV ] > ⁵¹Fe	83.000'000	%	⁵²Cr	17.000'000	%	⁵¹V
Isotope_028_ni_53_u	Unstable	⁵³Ni	Fermion	28	p	25	n	7/2	-1	52.968'470'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-29.370'000'000'0	MeV	8.212'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.43E-9	year	45.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	55.000'000	%	β+	12,253.000	keV	⁵³Co	⁵³Ni > [ 55 % , β+ , 12,253.0 keV ] > ⁵³Co	45.000'000	%	β+p	?	keV	⁵²Fe	⁵³Ni > [ 45 % , β+p , ? keV ] > ⁵²Fe	55.000'000	%	⁵³Cr	45.000'000	%	⁵²Cr
Isotope_028_ni_54_u	Unstable	⁵⁴Ni	Boson	28	p	26	n	0	1	53.957'905'495'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-39.210'779'000'0	MeV	8.391'781'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.30E-9	year	104.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	7,776.600	keV	⁵⁴Co	⁵⁴Ni > [ 100 % , β+ , 7,776.6 keV ] > ⁵⁴Co								?	%	⁵⁴Cr
Isotope_028_ni_55_u	Unstable	⁵⁵Ni	Fermion	28	p	27	n	7/2	-1	54.951'330'251'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-45.335'579'000'0	MeV	8.497'315'000'0	MeV	-		-		6.49E-9	year	204.700	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	7,669.800	keV	⁵⁵Co	⁵⁵Ni > [ 100 % , β+ , 7,669.8 keV ] > ⁵⁵Co								100.000'000	%	⁵⁵Mn
Isotope_028_ni_56_u	Unstable	⁵⁶Ni	Boson	28	p	28	n	0	1	55.942'132'022'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-53.903'674'000'0	MeV	8.642'709'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.66E-2	year	524.897	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	1,113.500	keV	⁵⁶Co	⁵⁶Ni > [ 100 % , β+ , 1,113.5 keV ] > ⁵⁶Co								100.000'000	%	⁵⁶Fe
Isotope_028_ni_57_u	Unstable	⁵⁷Ni	Fermion	28	p	29	n	3/2	-1	56.939'793'526'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-56.081'969'000'0	MeV	8.670'901'000'0	MeV	0.880'000'000'0	nm	-		4.05E-3	year	127.958	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	2,240.030	keV	⁵⁷Co	⁵⁷Ni > [ 100 % , β+ , 2,240.03 keV ] > ⁵⁷Co								100.000'000	%	⁵⁷Fe
Isotope_028_ni_58_s	Stable	⁵⁸Ni	Boson	28	p	30	n	0	1	57.935'342'907'0	u	68.076'900	%	39.440'585'455'5	-60.227'694'000'0	MeV	8.732'041'000'0	MeV	-		-		-																				⁵⁸Ni
Isotope_028_ni_59_u	Unstable	⁵⁹Ni	Fermion	28	p	31	n	3/2	-1	58.934'346'705'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-61.155'650'000'0	MeV	8.736'570'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.01E+5	years	3.194	tera-seconds ( x¹² )	100.000'000	%	β+	50.561	keV	⁵⁹Co	⁵⁹Ni > [ 100 % , β+ , 50.561 keV ] > ⁵⁹Co								100.000'000	%	⁵⁹Co
Isotope_028_ni_60_s	Stable	⁶⁰Ni	Boson	28	p	32	n	0	1	59.930'786'372'0	u	26.223'100	%	15.715'710'041'1	-64.472'079'000'0	MeV	8.780'757'000'0	MeV	-		-		-
Isotope_028_ni_61_s	Stable	⁶¹Ni	Fermion	28	p	33	n	3/2	-1	60.931'056'033'0	u	1.139'900	%	0.694'553'107'7	-64.220'892'000'0	MeV	8.765'009'000'0	MeV	-0.750'020'000'0	nm	0.162'000'000'0	b	-
Isotope_028_ni_62_s	Stable	⁶²Ni	Boson	28	p	34	n	0	1	61.928'345'115'0	u	3.634'500	%	2.250'785'703'2	-66.746'096'000'0	MeV	8.794'549'000'0	MeV	-		-		-
Isotope_028_ni_63_u	Unstable	⁶³Ni	Fermion	28	p	35	n	1/2	-1	62.929'669'374'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-65.512'556'000'0	MeV	8.763'489'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.00E+2	years	3.161	giga-seconds ( x⁹ )	100.000'000	%	β-	66.975	keV	⁶³Cu	⁶³Ni > [ 100 % , β- , 66.975 keV ] > ⁶³Cu								100.000'000	%	⁶³Cu
Isotope_028_ni_64_s	Stable	⁶⁴Ni	Boson	28	p	36	n	0	1	63.927'965'959'0	u	0.925'600	%	0.591'717'252'9	-67.099'277'000'0	MeV	8.777'467'000'0	MeV	-		-		-
Isotope_028_ni_65_u	Unstable	⁶⁵Ni	Fermion	28	p	37	n	5/2	-1	64.930'084'304'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-65.126'052'000'0	MeV	8.736'246'000'0	MeV	0.690'000'000'0	nm	-		2.87E-4	year	9.062	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	2,137.610	keV	⁶⁵Cu	⁶⁵Ni > [ 100 % , β- , 2,137.61 keV ] > ⁶⁵Cu								100.000'000	%	⁶⁵Cu
Isotope_028_ni_66_u	Unstable	⁶⁶Ni	Boson	28	p	38	n	0	1	65.929'139'334'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-66.006'285'000'0	MeV	8.739'508'000'0	MeV	-		-		6.24E-3	year	196.992	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	251.990	keV	⁶⁶Cu	⁶⁶Ni > [ 100 % , β- , 251.99 keV ] > ⁶⁶Cu								100.000'000	%	⁶⁶Zn
Isotope_028_ni_67_u	Unstable	⁶⁷Ni	Fermion	28	p	39	n	1/2	-1	66.931'569'414'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-63.742'680'000'0	MeV	8.695'750'000'0	MeV	-		-		6.65E-7	year	21.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	3,576.100	keV	⁶⁷Cu	⁶⁷Ni > [ 100 % , β- , 3,576.1 keV ] > ⁶⁷Cu								100.000'000	%	⁶⁷Zn
Isotope_028_ni_68_u	Unstable	⁶⁸Ni	Boson	28	p	40	n	0	1	67.931'868'789'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-63.463'815'000'0	MeV	8.682'466'000'0	MeV	-		-		9.18E-7	year	28.980	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	2,103.220	keV	⁶⁸Cu	⁶⁸Ni > [ 100 % , β- , 2,103.22 keV ] > ⁶⁸Cu								100.000'000	%	⁶⁸Zn
Isotope_028_ni_69_u	Unstable	⁶⁹Ni	Fermion	28	p	41	n	9/2	1	68.935'610'269'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-59.978'648'000'0	MeV	8.623'099'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.64E-7	year	11.500	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	5,757.560	keV	⁶⁹Cu	⁶⁹Ni > [ 100 % , β- , 5,757.56 keV ] > ⁶⁹Cu								100.000'000	%	⁶⁹Ga
Isotope_028_ni_70_u	Unstable	⁷⁰Ni	Boson	28	p	42	n	0	1	69.936'500'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-59.149'870'000'0	MeV	8.603'377'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.90E-7	year	6.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	3,826.000	keV	⁷⁰Cu	⁷⁰Ni > [ 100 % , β- , 3,826.0 keV ] > ⁷⁰Cu								?	%	⁷⁰Ge
Isotope_028_ni_71_u	Unstable	⁷¹Ni	Fermion	28	p	43	n	1/2	-1	70.940'736'283'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-55.203'797'000'0	MeV	8.540'304'000'0	MeV	-		-		8.11E-8	year	2.560	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	7,507.000	keV	⁷¹Cu	⁷¹Ni > [ 100 % , β- , 7,507.0 keV ] > ⁷¹Cu								100.000'000	%	⁷¹Ga
Isotope_028_ni_72_u	Unstable	⁷²Ni	Boson	28	p	44	n	0	1	71.942'092'682'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-53.940'319'000'0	MeV	8.516'242'000'0	MeV	-		-		4.98E-8	year	1.570	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	5,843.000	keV	⁷²Cu	⁷²Ni > [ 100 % , β- , 5,843.0 keV ] > ⁷²Cu	?	%	β-n	699.000	keV	71Cu	⁷²Ni > [ ? % , β-n , 699.0 keV ] > 71Cu	100.000'000	%	⁷²Ge	?	%	⁷¹Ga
Isotope_028_ni_73_u	Unstable	⁷³Ni	Fermion	28	p	45	n	9/2	1	72.946'470'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-49.863'000'000'0	MeV	8.454'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.66E-8	year	840.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	9,124.000	keV	⁷³Cu	⁷³Ni > [ 100 % , β- , 9,124.0 keV ] > ⁷³Cu	?	%	β-n	1,849.000	keV	72Cu	⁷³Ni > [ ? % , β-n , 1,849.0 keV ] > 72Cu	100.000'000	%	⁷³Ge	?	%	⁷²Ge
Isotope_028_ni_74_u	Unstable	⁷⁴Ni	Boson	28	p	46	n	0	1	73.948'070'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-48.372'000'000'0	MeV	8.429'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.15E-8	year	680.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	7,634.000	keV	⁷⁴Cu	⁷⁴Ni > [ 100 % , β- , 7,634.0 keV ] > ⁷⁴Cu	?	%	β-n	2,543.000	keV	73Cu	⁷⁴Ni > [ ? % , β-n , 2,543.0 keV ] > 73Cu	100.000'000	%	⁷⁴Ge	?	%	⁷³Ge	?	%	⁷²Ge
Isotope_028_ni_75_u	Unstable	⁷⁵Ni	Fermion	28	p	47	n	7/2	1	74.952'870'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-43.901'000'000'0	MeV	8.365'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.90E-8	year	600.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	98.000'000	%	β-	10,220.000	keV	⁷⁵Cu	⁷⁵Ni > [ 98 % , β- , 10,220.0 keV ] > ⁷⁵Cu	1.600'000	%	β-n	4,043.000	keV	74Cu	⁷⁵Ni > [ 1.6 % , β-n , 4,043.0 keV ] > 74Cu	94.080'000	%	⁷⁵As	5.030'000	%	⁷⁴Ge
Isotope_028_ni_76_u	Unstable	⁷⁶Ni	Boson	28	p	48	n	0	1	75.955'330'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-41.610'000'000'0	MeV	8.331'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.49E-8	year	470.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	9,366.000	keV	⁷⁶Cu	⁷⁶Ni > [ 100 % , β- , 9,366.0 keV ] > ⁷⁶Cu	?	%	β-n	4,440.000	keV	75Cu	⁷⁶Ni > [ ? % , β-n , 4,440.0 keV ] > 75Cu	97.000'000	%	⁷⁶Se	3.000'000	%	⁷⁵As	?	%	⁷⁴Ge
Isotope_028_ni_77_u	Unstable	⁷⁷Ni	Fermion	28	p	49	n	9/2	1	76.960'550'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-36.747'000'000'0	MeV	8.264'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		9.51E-9	year	300.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	11,830.000	keV	⁷⁷Cu	⁷⁷Ni > [ ? % , β- , 11,830.0 keV ] > ⁷⁷Cu								?	%	⁷⁷Se
Isotope_028_ni_78_u	Unstable	⁷⁸Ni	Boson	28	p	50	n	0	1	77.963'180'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-34.298'000'000'0	MeV	8.230'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		6.34E-9	year	200.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	10,450.000	keV	⁷⁸Cu	⁷⁸Ni > [ ? % , β- , 10,450.0 keV ] > ⁷⁸Cu								?	%	⁷⁸Se

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