Scandium is a silvery-white metallic element and has historically been classified as a rare earth element. It was discovered by utilising a spectral analyser on the minerals euxenite and gadolinite.

1879 by Lars Fredrik Nilson, Sweden.

DISCOVERY

Latin, 'Scandia' meaning 'Scandinavia'.

ETYMOLOGY

Scandium

Element

Sc

Symbol

21

21 Atomic Number

Atomic Number

Transition Metal

Classification

7440-20-2

CAS Number

Silver

Elemental Colour

-

Refractive Index

0.280

0.280 Poisson Ratio

Poisson Ratio

15.061 cm³

Molar Volume

750.00M Pa, 7.401'9k Atm

7.401'9k Atm

Brinell Hardness

-

Mohs Hardness

-

Vickers Hardness

-

Speed of Sound

57.00G Pa, 562.546'3k Atm

562.546'3k Atm

Bulk Modulus

29.00G Pa, 286.207'7k Atm

286.207'7k Atm

Shear Modulus

74.00G Pa, 730.323'2k Atm

730.323'2k Atm

Young Modulus

Allotropes

1,814.15 K, 1,541.00 °C

1,541.00 °C

Melting Point

3,103.15 K, 2,830.00 °C

2,830.00 °C

Boiling Point

-

Automatic Ignition

-

Flashpoint

-

Critical Temperature

-

Critical Pressure

16.000'000 W/(m K)

Thermal Conductivity

0.000'010'2 K^-1

Thermal Expansion

567.00 J/(kg K)

Specific Heat

16.000 kJ/mol

Heat Fusion

318.000 kJ/mol

Heat Vaporisation

-

Heat Combustion

-

Curie Point

-

Neel Point

-

Adiabatic Index

Solid

Phase

Conductor

Electrical Type

1.80M S/m

Conductivity

550.00n Ω.m

Resistivity

0.050 K

Superconducting Point

-

Magnetic Type

0.000'000'088'0

Mass Susceptibility

0.000'000'003'956'00

Molar Susceptibility

0.000'262'700'00

Volume Susceptibility

Material Composition

0.000'073 %

Universe

0.000'64 %

Meteorites

0.000'004 %

Sun

0.002'6 %

Earth Crust

0.000'000'000'15 %

Oceans

-

Humans

44.955'911'9

Atomic Weight

184 pm

Atomic Radius

148 pm

Covalent Radius Single Bond

116 pm

Covalent Radius Double Bond

114 pm

Covalent Radius Triple Bond

216 pm

Van der Waals Radius

[Ar]4s²3d¹

Electron Configuration

Hexagonal, Close Packed Single

Crystal Structure

2.985'00 g/cm³

Density as Solid

2.800'00 g/cm³

Density as Liquid

-

Density as Gas

P6₃/mmc

Space Group Name

194

194 Space Group Number

Space Group Number

π/2, π/2 & 2π/3

Lattice Angles

330.9, 330.9 & 527.33 pm

Lattice Constants

3

3 Valence

Valence

1.36

1.36 Electronegativity

Electronegativity

18.14 kJ/mol

Electron Affinity

Ionisation Energy

Stable

Half Life

Stable

Lifetime

3d¹ = 3, 2, -2, +1/2

Quantum Numbers

23.500'00 b σ_s

Neutron Cross Section

27.500'00 b σ_a

Neutron Mass Absorption

Stable Isotopes

Unstable Isotopes

Isotopes Overview

Isotope	Stability	Symbol	Type	Protons		Neutrons		Spin	Parity	Mass		Abundance		Mass Measure	Mass Excess		Binding Energy		Dipole Moment		Quadrupole Moment		Halflife in Years	&nbsp	Halflife in Seconds		A01 Decay Probability		A01 Decay Mode	A01 Decay Energy		A01 Decay Daughter	A01 Decay Link	A02 Decay Probability		A02 Decay Mode	A02 Decay Energy		A02 Decay Daughter	A02 Decay Link	A03 Decay Probability		A03 Decay Mode	A03 Decay Energy		A03 Decay Daughter	A03 Decay Link	Y01 Decay Product Yield		Y01 Decay Product Nuclide	Y02 Decay Product Yield		Y02 Decay Product Nuclide	Y03 Decay Product Yield		Y03 Decay Product Nuclide
Isotope_021_sc_36_u	Unstable	³⁶Sc	Fermion	21	p	15	n	?	0	36.014'920'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	13.898'000'000'0	MeV	7.229'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		?				?	%	p	2,007.000	keV	³⁵Ca	³⁶Sc > [ ? % , p , 2,007.0 keV ] > ³⁵Ca															?	%	³⁴S			³³S
Isotope_021_sc_37_u	Unstable	³⁷Sc	Boson	21	p	16	n	7/2	1	37.003'050'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	2.841'000'000'0	MeV	7.550'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		?				?	%	p	1,991.000	keV	³⁶Ca	³⁷Sc > [ ? % , p , 1,991.0 keV ] > ³⁶Ca															?	%	³²S			³⁵Cl	?	%	³⁶S
Isotope_021_sc_38_u	Unstable	³⁸Sc	Fermion	21	p	17	n	2	-1	37.994'700'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-4.937'000'000'0	MeV	7.769'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		9.51E-15	year	300.000	nano-seconds ( x⁻⁹ )	?	%	p	936.000	keV	³⁷Ca	³⁸Sc > [ ? % , p , 936.0 keV ] > ³⁷Ca															?	%	³⁶S
Isotope_021_sc_39_u	Unstable	³⁹Sc	Boson	21	p	18	n	7/2	-1	38.984'790'002'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-14.168'021'000'0	MeV	8.013'336'000'0	MeV	-		-		9.51E-15	year	300.000	nano-seconds ( x⁻⁹ )	100.000'000	%	p	602.200	keV	³⁸Ca	³⁹Sc > [ 100 % , p , 602.2 keV ] > ³⁸Ca															100.000'000	%	³⁸Ar
Isotope_021_sc_40_u	Unstable	⁴⁰Sc	Fermion	21	p	19	n	4	-1	39.977'967'407'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-20.523'228'000'0	MeV	8.173'666'000'0	MeV	-		-		5.81E-9	year	183.200	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	13,300.850	keV	⁴⁰Ca	⁴⁰Sc > [ 100 % , β+ , 13,300.85 keV ] > ⁴⁰Ca	0.440'000	%	β+p	?	keV	³⁶K	⁴⁰Sc > [ 0.44 % , β+p , ? keV ] > ³⁶K	0.017'000	%	β+α	?	keV	³⁶Ar	⁴⁰Sc > [ 0.017 % , β+α , ? keV ] > ³⁶Ar	0.440'000	%	³⁹K			³⁶S	?	%	⁴⁰Ar
Isotope_021_sc_41_u	Unstable	⁴¹Sc	Boson	21	p	20	n	7/2	-1	40.969'251'125'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-28.642'392'000'0	MeV	8.369'198'000'0	MeV	5.535'000'000'0	nm	-		1.89E-8	year	596.300	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	5,473.167	keV	⁴¹Ca	⁴¹Sc > [ 100 % , β+ , 5,473.167 keV ] > ⁴¹Ca															100.000'000	%	⁴¹K
Isotope_021_sc_42_u	Unstable	⁴²Sc	Fermion	21	p	21	n	0	1	41.965'516'429'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-32.121'239'000'0	MeV	8.444'935'000'0	MeV		nm	-		2.16E-8	year	681.300	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	5,403.663	keV	⁴²Ca	⁴²Sc > [ 100 % , β+ , 5,403.663 keV ] > ⁴²Ca															100.000'000	%	⁴²Ca
Isotope_021_sc_43_u	Unstable	⁴³Sc	Boson	21	p	22	n	7/2	-1	42.961'150'658'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-36.187'929'000'0	MeV	8.530'821'000'0	MeV	4.620'000'000'0	nm	-0.260'000'000'0	b	4.44E-4	year	14.010	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	1,198.510	keV	⁴³Ca	⁴³Sc > [ 100 % , β+ , 1,198.51 keV ] > ⁴³Ca															100.000'000	%	⁴³Ca
Isotope_021_sc_44_u	Unstable	⁴⁴Sc	Fermion	21	p	23	n	2	1	43.959'402'752'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-37.816'093'000'0	MeV	8.557'381'000'0	MeV	2.560'000'000'0	nm	0.100'000'000'0	b	1.09E-2	year	343.181	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	2,630.190	keV	⁴⁴Ca	⁴⁴Sc > [ 100 % , β+ , 2,630.19 keV ] > ⁴⁴Ca															100.000'000	%	⁴⁴Ca
Isotope_021_sc_45_s	Stable	⁴⁵Sc	Boson	21	p	24	n	7/2	-1	44.955'911'909'0	u	100.000'000	%	44.955'911'909'0	-41.067'792'000'0	MeV	8.618'840'000'0	MeV	4.756'486'600'0	nm	0.220'000'000'0	b	-
Isotope_021_sc_46_u	Unstable	⁴⁶Sc	Fermion	21	p	25	n	4	1	45.955'171'890'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-41.757'115'000'0	MeV	8.621'922'000'0	MeV	3.030'000'000'0	nm	0.119'000'000'0	b	2.29E-1	year	7.239	mega-seconds ( x⁶ )	100.000'000	%	β-	2,366.307	keV	⁴⁶Ti	⁴⁶Sc > [ 100 % , β- , 2,366.307 keV ] > ⁴⁶Ti															100.000'000	%	⁴⁶Ti
Isotope_021_sc_47_u	Unstable	⁴⁷Sc	Boson	21	p	26	n	7/2	1	46.952'407'508'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-44.332'121'000'0	MeV	8.664'995'000'0	MeV	5.340'000'000'0	nm	0.220'000'000'0	b	9.17E-3	year	289.370	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	600.270	keV	⁴⁷Ti	⁴⁷Sc > [ 100 % , β- , 600.27 keV ] > ⁴⁷Ti															100.000'000	%	⁴⁷Ti
Isotope_021_sc_48_u	Unstable	⁴⁸Sc	Fermion	21	p	27	n	6	1	47.952'231'468'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-44.496'101'000'0	MeV	8.656'043'000'0	MeV	-		-		4.98E-3	year	157.196	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	3,991.630	keV	⁴⁸Ti	⁴⁸Sc > [ 100 % , β- , 3,991.63 keV ] > ⁴⁸Ti															100.000'000	%	⁴⁸Ti
Isotope_021_sc_49_u	Unstable	⁴⁹Sc	Boson	21	p	28	n	7/2	-1	48.950'023'975'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-46.552'368'000'0	MeV	8.686'074'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.09E-4	year	3.430	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	2,006.430	keV	⁴⁹Ti	⁴⁹Sc > [ 100 % , β- , 2,006.43 keV ] > ⁴⁹Ti															100.000'000	%	⁴⁹Ti
Isotope_021_sc_50_u	Unstable	⁵⁰Sc	Fermion	21	p	29	n	5	1	49.952'187'685'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-44.536'885'000'0	MeV	8.633'469'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.25E-6	year	102.498	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	6,889.800	keV	⁵⁰Ti	⁵⁰Sc > [ 100 % , β- , 6,889.8 keV ] > ⁵⁰Ti															100.000'000	%	⁵⁰Ti
Isotope_021_sc_51_u	Unstable	⁵¹Sc	Boson	21	p	30	n	7/2	-1	50.953'603'368'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-43.218'184'000'0	MeV	8.596'590'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.93E-7	year	12.400	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	6,509.700	keV	⁵¹Ti	⁵¹Sc > [ 100 % , β- , 6,509.7 keV ] > ⁵¹Ti															100.000'000	%	⁵¹Ti
Isotope_021_sc_52_u	Unstable	⁵²Sc	Fermion	21	p	31	n	3	1	51.956'675'468'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-40.356'541'000'0	MeV	8.531'457'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.60E-7	year	8.200	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	9,108.000	keV	⁵²Ti	⁵²Sc > [ 100 % , β- , 9,108.0 keV ] > ⁵²Ti															100.000'000	%	⁵²Cr
Isotope_021_sc_53_u	Unstable	⁵³Sc	Boson	21	p	32	n	7/2	-1	52.959'610'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-37.623'000'000'0	MeV	8.471'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		9.51E-8	year	3.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	9,206.000	keV	⁵³Ti	⁵³Sc > [ 100 % , β- , 9,206.0 keV ] > ⁵³Ti	?	%	β-n	3,770.000	keV	⁵²Ti	⁵³Sc > [ ? % , β-n , 3,770.0 keV ] > ⁵²Ti								100.000'000	%	⁵³Cr	?	%	⁵²Cr
Isotope_021_sc_54_u	Unstable	⁵⁴Sc	Fermion	21	p	33	n	3	1	53.963'264'561'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-34.218'841'000'0	MeV	8.400'753'000'0	MeV	-		-		8.24E-9	year	260.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	11,376.000	keV	⁵⁴Ti	⁵⁴Sc > [ 100 % , β- , 11,376.0 keV ] > ⁵⁴Ti	?	%	β-n	4,539.000	keV	⁵³Ti	⁵⁴Sc > [ ? % , β-n , 4,539.0 keV ] > ⁵³Ti								100.000'000	%	⁵⁴Cr	?	%	⁵³Cr
Isotope_021_sc_55_u	Unstable	⁵⁵Sc	Boson	21	p	34	n	7/2	-1	54.968'243'949'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-29.580'571'000'0	MeV	8.310'432'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.80E-9	year	120.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	12,090.000	keV	⁵⁵Ti	⁵⁵Sc > [ 100 % , β- , 12,090.0 keV ] > ⁵⁵Ti	?	%	β-n	7,943.000	keV	⁵⁴Ti	⁵⁵Sc > [ ? % , β-n , 7,943.0 keV ] > ⁵⁴Ti								100.000'000	%	⁵⁵Mn	?	%	⁵⁴Cr
Isotope_021_sc_56_u	Unstable	⁵⁶Sc	Fermion	21	p	35	n	3	1	55.972'870'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-25.271'000'000'0	MeV	8.229'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.54E-9	year	80.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	13,665.000	keV	⁵⁶Ti	⁵⁶Sc > [ ? % , β- , 13,665.0 keV ] > ⁵⁶Ti															?	%	⁵⁵Mn	?	%	⁵⁶Mn
Isotope_021_sc_57_u	Unstable	⁵⁷Sc	Boson	21	p	36	n	7/2	-1	56.977'790'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-20.688'000'000'0	MeV	8.146'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		4.12E-10	year	13.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	67.000'000	%	β-	12,855.000	keV	⁵⁷Ti	⁵⁷Sc > [ 67 % , β- , 12,855.0 keV ] > ⁵⁷Ti	33.000'000	%	β-n	10,177.000	keV	⁵⁶Ti	⁵⁷Sc > [ 33 % , β-n , 10,177.0 keV ] > ⁵⁶Ti								67.000'000	%	⁵⁷Fe	33.469'000	%	⁵⁶Fe	?	%	⁵⁵Mn
Isotope_021_sc_58_u	Unstable	⁵⁸Sc	Fermion	21	p	37	n	3	-1	57.983'710'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-15.174'000'000'0	MeV	8.050'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.80E-10	year	12.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	15,590.000	keV	⁵⁸Ti	⁵⁸Sc > [ 100 % , β- , 15,590.0 keV ] > ⁵⁸Ti															100.000'000	%	⁵⁸Fe	?	%	⁵⁷Fe
Isotope_021_sc_59_u	Unstable	⁵⁹Sc	Boson	21	p	38	n	7/1	-1	58.989'220'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-10.042'000'000'0	MeV	7.963'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.17E-10	year	10.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	15,170.000	keV	⁵⁹Ti	⁵⁹Sc > [ ? % , β- , 15,170.0 keV ] > ⁵⁹Ti	?	%	β-n	12,650.000	keV	⁵⁸Ti	⁵⁹Sc > [ ? % , β-n , 12,650.0 keV ] > ⁵⁸Ti								?	%	⁵⁸Fe	?	%	⁵⁷Fe	?	%	⁵⁹Co
Isotope_021_sc_60_u	Unstable	⁶⁰Sc	Fermion	21	p	39	n	3	1	59.995'710'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-3.996'000'000'0	MeV	7.864'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		9.51E-11	year	3.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	17,650.000	keV	⁶⁰Ti	⁶⁰Sc > [ ? % , β- , 17,650.0 keV ] > ⁶⁰Ti															?	%	⁶⁰Ni	?	%	⁵⁹Co

21 – Scandium, Sc

21 – Scandium, Sc

21 – Scandium, Sc

21 – Scandium, Sc

21 – Scandium, Sc

Spectrograph

Elemental Tile

Scandium

Spectrograph

Elemental Tile

Scandium

Spectrograph

Elemental Tile

Scandium

Spectrograph

Elemental Tile

Scandium

Spectrograph

Elemental Tile

Scandium