Silicon is solid at room temperature, with relatively high melting and boiling points of 1,414 and 3,265 °C, respectively. Like water, it has a greater density in a liquid state than in a solid state and unlike most substances, it does not contract when it freezes, but expands.

1824 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, Sweden.

DISCOVERY

Latin, ‘silex’ or ‘silicis’, meaning flint.

ETYMOLOGY

Silicon

Element

Si

Symbol

14

14 Atomic Number

Atomic Number

Metalloid

Classification

7440-21-3

CAS Number

Grey

Elemental Colour

-

Refractive Index

-

Poisson Ratio

12.054 cm³

Molar Volume

-

Brinell Hardness

6.50

6.50 Mohs Hardness

Mohs Hardness

-

Vickers Hardness

2,200 m/s, Mach 6.414'0

2,200 m/s

Speed of Sound

100.00G Pa, 986.923'3k Atm

986.923'3k Atm

Bulk Modulus

-

Shear Modulus

47.00G Pa, 463.853'9k Atm

463.853'9k Atm

Young Modulus

Allotropes

1,687.15 K, 1,414.00 °C

1,414.00 °C

Melting Point

3,173.15 K, 2,900.00 °C

Boiling Point

423.15 K, 150.00 °C

150.00 °C

Automatic Ignition

-

Flashpoint

-

Critical Temperature

-

Critical Pressure

150.000'000 W/(m K)

Thermal Conductivity

0.000’002’6 K^-1

Thermal Expansion

710 J/(kg K)

Specific Heat

50.2 kJ/mol

Heat Fusion

359 kJ/mol

Heat Vaporisation

9.055 J/(kg K)

Heat Combustion

-

Curie Point

-

Neel Point

-

Adiabatic Index

Solid

Phase

Semiconductor

Electrical Type

1.00k S/m

Conductivity

1.00m Ω.m

Resistivity

-

Superconducting Point

Diamagnetic

Magnetic Type

-0.000'000'001'6

Mass Susceptibility

-0.000'000'000'044'90

Molar Susceptibility

-0.000'003'730'0

Volume Susceptibility

Material Composition

0.07 %

Universe

14 %

Meteorites

0.08 %

Sun

27 %

Earth Crust

0.000'1 %

Oceans

0.026 %

Humans

28.085'412'8

Atomic Weight

111 pm

Atomic Radius

116 pm

Covalent Radius Single Bond

107 pm

Covalent Radius Double Bond

102 pm

Covalent Radius Triple Bond

210 pm

Van der Waals Radius

[Ne]3s²3p²

Electron Configuration

Cubic, Diamond

Crystal Structure

2.330'00 g/cm³

Density as Solid

2.570'00 g/cm³

Density as Liquid

-

Density as Gas

Fd_3m

Space Group Name

227

227 Space Group Number

Space Group Number

π/2, π/2 & π/2

Lattice Angles

543.09, 543.09 & 543.09 pm

Lattice Constants

4

4 Valence

Valence

1.9

1.9 Electronegativity

Electronegativity

134.07 kJ/mol

Electron Affinity

Ionisation Energy

Stable

Half Life

Stable

Lifetime

3p² = 3, 1, 0, +1/2

Quantum Numbers

2.167'00 b σ_s

Neutron Cross Section

0.171'00 b σ_a

Neutron Mass Absorption

Stable Isotopes

Unstable Isotopes

Isotopes Overview

Isotope	Stability	Symbol	Type	Protons		Neutrons		Spin	Parity	Mass		Abundance		Mass Measure	Mass Excess		Binding Energy		Dipole Moment		Quadrupole Moment	Halflife in Years		Halflife in Seconds		A01 Decay Probability		A01 Decay Mode	A01 Decay Energy		A01 Decay Daughter	A01 Decay Link	A02 Decay Probability		A02 Decay Mode	A02 Decay Energy		A02 Decay Daughter	A02 Decay Link	Y01 Decay Product Yield		Y01 Decay Product Nuclide	Y02 Decay Product Yield		Y02 Decay Product Nuclide	Y03 Decay Product Yield		Y03 Decay Product Nuclide	Y04 Decay Product Yield		Y04 Decay Product Nuclide	Y05 Decay Product Yield		Y05 Decay Product Nuclide
Isotope_014_si_22_u	Unstable	²²Si	Boson	14	p	8	n	0	1	22.034'530'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	32.164'000'000'0	MeV	6.111'000'000'0	MeV	-		-	9.19E-10	year	29.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	68.000'000	%	β+	12,960.000	keV	²²Al	²²Si > [ 68 % , β+ , 12,960.0 keV ] > ²²Al	32.000'000	%	β+p	?	keV	²¹Mg	²²Si > [ 32 % , β+p , ? keV ] > ²¹Mg	51.360'000	%	²¹Ne	37.400'000	%	²²Ne	11.044'000	%	²⁰Ne	0.210'800	%	¹⁸O	0.001'600	%	¹⁷O
Isotope_014_si_23_u	Unstable	²³Si	Fermion	14	p	9	n	3/2	1	23.025'520'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	23.772'000'000'0	MeV	6.562'000'000'0	MeV	-		-	1.34E-9	year	42.300	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	88.000'000	%	β+p	?	keV	²²Mg	²³Si > [ 88 % , β+p , ? keV ] > ²²Mg	3.600'000	%	β+2p	?	keV	²¹Na	²³Si > [ 3.6 % , β+2p , ? keV ] > ²¹Na	88.000'000	%	²²Ne	3.600'000	%	²¹Ne
Isotope_014_si_24_u	Unstable	²⁴Si	Boson	14	p	10	n	0	1	24.011'545'616'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	10.754'673'000'0	MeV	7.166'837'000'0	MeV	-		-	4.44E-9	year	140.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	62.000'000	%	β+	9,789.400	keV	²⁴Al	²⁴Si > [ 62 % , β+ , 9,789.4 keV ] > ²⁴Al	37.600'000	%	β+2p	?	keV	²³Mg	²⁴Si > [ 37.6 % , β+2p , ? keV ] > ²³Mg	62.000'000	%	²⁴Mg	37.600'992	%	²³Na	0.021'700	%	²⁰Ne
Isotope_014_si_25_u	Unstable	²⁵Si	Fermion	14	p	11	n	5/2	1	25.004'105'574'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	3.824'318'000'0	MeV	7.480'230'000'0	MeV	-		-	6.97E-9	year	220.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	63.200'000	%	β+	11,718.300	keV	²⁵Al	²⁵Si > [ 63.2 % , β+ , 11,718.3 keV ] > ²⁵Al	36.810'000	%	β+2p	?	keV	²⁴Mg	²⁵Si > [ 36.81 % , β+2p , ? keV ] > ²⁴Mg	63.200'000	%	²⁵Mg	36.810'000	%	²⁴Mg
Isotope_014_si_26_u	Unstable	²⁶Si	Boson	14	p	12	n	0	1	25.992'329'921'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-7.144'632'000'0	MeV	7.924'847'000'0	MeV	-		-	7.08E-8	year	2.234	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	4,043.480	keV	²⁶Al	²⁶Si > [ 100 % , β+ , 4,043.48 keV ] > ²⁶Al								100.000'000	%	²⁶Mg
Isotope_014_si_27_u	Unstable	²⁷Si	Fermion	14	p	13	n	5/2	1	26.986'704'905'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-12.384'301'000'0	MeV	8.124'334'000'0	MeV	0.855'400'000'0	nm	-	1.32E-7	year	4.160	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	3,790.157	keV	²⁷Al	²⁷Si > [ 100 % , β+ , 3,790.157 keV ] > ²⁷Al								100.000'000	%	²⁷Al
Isotope_014_si_28_s	Stable	²⁸Si	Boson	14	p	14	n	0	1	27.976'926'532'5	u	92.229'700	%	25.803'035'410'1	-21.492'796'780'0	MeV	8.447'744'000'0	MeV	-		-	-
Isotope_014_si_29_s	Stable	²⁹Si	Fermion	14	p	15	n	1/2	1	28.976'494'700'0	u	4.683'200	%	1.357'027'199'8	-21.895'046'000'0	MeV	8.448'634'000'0	MeV	-0.555'290'000'0	nm	-	-
Isotope_014_si_30_s	Stable	³⁰Si	Boson	14	p	16	n	0	1	29.973'770'171'0	u	3.087'200	%	0.925'350'232'7	-24.432'928'000'0	MeV	8.520'653'000'0	MeV	-		-	-
Isotope_014_si_31_u	Unstable	³¹Si	Fermion	14	p	17	n	3/2	1	30.975'363'227'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-22.949'006'000'0	MeV	8.458'290'000'0	MeV	-		-	3.38E-4	year	10.664	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	1,491.879	keV	³¹P	³¹Si > [ 100 % , β- , 1,491.879 keV ] > ³¹P								100.000'000	%	³¹P
Isotope_014_si_32_u	Unstable	³²Si	Boson	14	p	18	n	0	1	31.974'148'082'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-24.080'907'000'0	MeV	8.481'569'000'0	MeV	-		-	1.32E+2	years	4.172	giga-seconds ( x⁹ )	100.000'000	%	β-	224.311	keV	³²P	³²Si > [ 100 % , β- , 224.311 keV ] > ³²P								100.000'000	%	³²S
Isotope_014_si_33_u	Unstable	³³Si	Fermion	14	p	19	n	3/2	1	32.978'000'220'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-20.492'662'000'0	MeV	8.360'402'000'0	MeV	-		-	1.96E-7	year	6.180	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	5,844.800	keV	³³P	³³Si > [ 100 % , β- , 5,844.8 keV ] > ³³P								100.000'000	%	³³S
Isotope_014_si_34_u	Unstable	³⁴Si	Boson	14	p	20	n	0	1	33.978'575'524'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-19.956'770'000'0	MeV	8.336'138'000'0	MeV	-		-	8.78E-8	year	2.770	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	4,600.900	keV	³⁴P	³⁴Si > [ 100 % , β- , 4,600.9 keV ] > ³⁴P								100.000'000	%	³⁴S
Isotope_014_si_35_u	Unstable	³⁵Si	Fermion	14	p	21	n	7/2	1	34.984'583'575'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-14.360'307'000'0	MeV	8.168'673'000'0	MeV	-		-	2.47E-8	year	780.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	95.000'000	%	β-	10,497.400	keV	³⁵P	³⁵Si > [ 95 % , β- , 10,497.4 keV ] > ³⁵P	5.000'000	%	β-n	2,126.000	keV	³⁵P	³⁵Si > [ 5 % , β-n , 2,126.0 keV ] > ³⁵P	95.000'000	%	³⁵Cl	5.000'000	%	³⁴S
Isotope_014_si_36_u	Unstable	³⁶Si	Boson	14	p	22	n	0	1	35.986'599'477'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-12.482'507'000'0	MeV	8.113'807'000'0	MeV	-		-	1.43E-8	year	450.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	88.000'000	%	β-	7,768.000	keV	³⁵P	³⁶Si > [ 88 % , β- , 7,768.0 keV ] > ³⁵P	12.000'000	%	β-n	4,304.000	keV	³⁵P	³⁶Si > [ 12 % , β-n , 4,304.0 keV ] > ³⁵P	88.000'000	%	³⁶S	12.000'000	%	³⁵Cl
Isotope_014_si_37_u	Unstable	³⁷Si	Fermion	14	p	23	n	7/2	-1	36.992'936'080'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-6.579'998'000'0	MeV	7.953'132'000'0	MeV	-		-	2.85E-9	year	90.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	83.000'000	%	β-	12,414.000	keV	³⁷P	³⁷Si > [ 83 % , β- , 12,414.0 keV ] > ³⁷P	17.000'000	%	β-n	5,600.000	keV	³⁶P	³⁷Si > [ 17 % , β-n , 5,600.0 keV ] > ³⁶P	83.000'000	%	³⁷Cl	17.000'000	%	³⁶S
Isotope_014_si_38_u	Unstable	³⁸Si	Boson	14	p	24	n	0	1	37.995'633'601'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-4.067'274'000'0	MeV	7.890'118'000'0	MeV	-		-	2.85E-9	year	90.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	10,691.000	keV	³⁸P	³⁸Si > [ ? % , β- , 10,691.0 keV ] > ³⁸P	?	%	β-n	6,856.000	keV	³⁷P	³⁸Si > [ ? % , β-n , 6,856.0 keV ] > ³⁷P	?	%	³⁷Cl	?	%	³⁸Ar
Isotope_014_si_39_u	Unstable	³⁹Si	Fermion	14	p	25	n	7/2	-1	39.002'070'013'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	1.928'205'000'0	MeV	7.741'034'000'0	MeV	-		-	2.85E-9	year	90.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	14,802.000	keV	³⁹P	³⁹Si > [ ? % , β- , 14,802.0 keV ] > ³⁹P								?	%	³⁹K	?	%	³⁸Ar
Isotope_014_si_40_u	Unstable	⁴⁰Si	Boson	14	p	26	n	0	1	40.005'869'121'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	5.467'052'000'0	MeV	7.660'819'000'0	MeV	-		-	6.34E-10	year	20.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	13,574.000	keV	⁴⁰P	⁴⁰Si > [ ? % , β- , 13,574.0 keV ] > ⁴⁰P	?	%	β-n	10,269.000	keV	³⁹P	⁴⁰Si > [ ? % , β-n , 10,269.0 keV ] > ³⁹P	?	%	³⁹K	?	%	⁴⁰Ar	?	%	³⁸Ar
Isotope_014_si_41_u	Unstable	⁴¹Si	Fermion	14	p	27	n	7/2	-1	41.014'560'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	13.562'553'000'0	MeV	7.473'380'000'0	MeV	-		-	9.51E-10	year	30.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	18,840.000	keV	⁴¹P	⁴¹Si > [ ? % , β- , 18,840.0 keV ] > ⁴¹P								?	%	⁴¹K	?	%	⁴⁰Ar
Isotope_014_si_42_u	Unstable	⁴²Si	Boson	14	p	28	n	0	1	42.019'790'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	18.434'000'000'0	MeV	7.372'000'000'0	MeV	-		-	1.58E-10	year	5.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	17,495.000	keV	⁴²P	⁴²Si > [ ? % , β- , 17,495.0 keV ] > ⁴²P	?	%	β-n	15,639.000	keV	⁴¹P	⁴²Si > [ ? % , β-n , 15,639.0 keV ] > ⁴¹P	?	%	⁴¹K	?	%	⁴²Ca	?	%	⁴⁰Ar
Isotope_014_si_43_u	Unstable	⁴³Si	Fermion	14	p	29	n	3/2	-1	43.028'660'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	26.697'000'000'0	MeV	7.196'000'000'0	MeV	-		-	4.75E-10	year	15.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	20,930.000	keV	⁴³P	⁴³Si > [ ? % , β- , 20,930.0 keV ] > ⁴³P	?	%	β-n	17,686.000	keV	⁴²P	⁴³Si > [ ? % , β-n , 17,686.0 keV ] > ⁴²P	?	%	⁴¹K	?	%	⁴²Ca	?	%	⁴⁰Ar
Isotope_014_si_44_u	Unstable	⁴⁴Si	Boson	14	p	30	n	0	1	44.035'260'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	32.844'000'000'0	MeV	7.076'000'000'0	MeV	-		-	3.17E-10	year	10.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	20,740.000	keV	⁴⁴P	⁴⁴Si > [ ? % , β- , 20,740.0 keV ] > ⁴⁴P	?	%	β-n	19,010.000	keV	⁴³P	⁴⁴Si > [ ? % , β-n , 19,010.0 keV ] > ⁴³P	?	%	⁴¹K	?	%	⁴⁴Ca	?	%	⁴³Ca	?	%	⁴²Ca

14 – Silicon, Si

14 – Silicon, Si

14 – Silicon, Si

14 – Silicon, Si

14 – Silicon, Si

Spectrograph

Elemental Tile

Silicon

Spectrograph

Elemental Tile

Silicon

Spectrograph

Elemental Tile

Silicon

Spectrograph

Elemental Tile

Silicon

Spectrograph

Elemental Tile

Silicon