RUTHENIUM, Ru (44)

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ATOMIC ARCHITECTURE

Spectrograph

Elemental Tile

Ruthenium Crystals

···

OVERVIEW

RUTHENIUM

Ru (44)

ruːˈθiːniəm

PHONETICS

IDENTIFICATION

Ruthenium is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group and is inert to most other chemicals. Usually occurring as a minor component of platinum ores it is used for wear-resistant electrical contacts and the production of thick-film resistors. A minor application of ruthenium is its use in some platinum alloys, and as a catalyst.

ELEMENT BRIEF

1844 by Karl Karlovich Klaus, Russia.

DISCOVERY

Latin, 'Ruthenia' meaning 'Russia'.

ETYMOLOGY

Ruthenium

ELEMENT

Ru

SYMBOL

44

ATOMIC NUMBER

7440-18-8

CAS NUMBER

PHYSICAL

ELEMENTAL SPECTRUM

Silver

ELEMENTAL COLOUR

-

REFRACTIVE INDEX

0.300

POISSON RATIO

8.170 cm³

MOLAR VOLUME

2.16G Pa, 21.317'5k Atm

BRINELL HARDNESS

6.50

MOHS HARDNESS

-

VICKERS HARDNESS

5,970 m/s, Mach 17.405'2

SPEED OF SOUND

220.00G Pa, 2.171'2M Atm

BULK MODULUS

173.00G Pa, 1.707'4M Atm

SHEAR MODULUS

447.00G Pa, 4.411'5M Atm

YOUNG MODULUS

ALLOTROPES

NONE

THERMODYNAMIC

2,607.15 K, 2,334.00 °C

MELTING POINT

4,423.15 K, 4,150.00 °C

BOILING POINT

-

AUTOMATIC IGNITION

-

FLASHPOINT

-

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

-

CRITICAL PRESSURE

120.000'000 W/(m K)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

0.000'006'4 K¯¹

THERMAL EXPANSION

238.00 J/(kg K)

SPECIFIC HEAT

25.700 kJ/mol

HEAT FUSION

580.000 kJ/mol

HEAT VAPORISATION

-

HEAT COMBUSTION

-

CURIE POINT

-

NEEL POINT

-

ADIABATIC INDEX

Solid

PHASE

ELECTROMAGNETIC

Conductor

ELECTRICAL TYPE

14.00M S/m

CONDUCTIVITY

71.00n Ω.m

RESISTIVITY

0.490 K

SUPERCONDUCTING POINT

Paramagnetic

MAGNETIC TYPE

0.000'000'005'4

MASS SUSCEPTIBILITY

0.000'000'000'546'00

MOLAR SUSCEPTIBILITY

0.000'066'800'00

VOLUME SUSCEPTIBILITY

STRUCTURE

Transition Metal

CLASSIFICATION

101.064'945'4

ATOMIC WEIGHT

178 pm

ATOMIC RADIUS

125 pm

COVALENT RADIUS SINGLE BOND

114 pm

COVALENT RADIUS DOUBLE BOND

103 pm

COVALENT RADIUS TRIPLE BOND

207 pm

VAN DER WAALS RADIUS

[Kr]5s¹4d⁷

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

Hexagonal, Close Packed Single

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE

12.370'00 g/cm³

DENSITY AS SOLID

10.650'00 g/cm³

DENSITY AS LIQUID

-

DENSITY AS GAS

P6₃/mmc

SPACE GROUP NAME

194

SPACE GROUP NUMBER

π/2, π/2 2π/3

LATTICE ANGLES

270.59, 270.59 428.15 pm

LATTICE CONSTANTS

REACTIVITY

6

VALENCE

2.2

ELECTRONEGATIVITY

100.96 kJ/mol

ELECTRON AFFINITY

IONISATION ENERGY

ELEMENTAL DISTRIBUTION

0.000'000'4 %

UNIVERSE

0.000'081 %

METEORITES

0.000'000'5 %

SUN

0.000'000'099 %

EARTH CRUST

0.000'000'000'07 %

OCEANS

-

HUMANS

ISOTOPES

Stable

HALF LIFE

Stable

LIFETIME

4d⁷ = 4, 2, -1, -1/2

QUANTUM NUMBERS

6.600'00 b σ_s

NEUTRON CROSS SECTION

2.560'00 b σ_a

NEUTRON MASS ABSORPTION

STABLE ISOTOPES

UNSTABLE ISOTOPES

ISOTOPIC CHAIN

Isotope	Stability	Symbol	Type	Protons		Neutrons		Spin	Parity	Mass		Abundance		Mass Measure	Mass Excess		Binding Energy		Dipole Moment		Quadrupole Moment		Halflife in Years		Halflife in Seconds		A01 Decay Probability		A01 Decay Mode	A01 Decay Energy		A01 Decay Daughter	A01 Decay Link	A02 Decay Mode	A02 Decay Energy		A02 Decay Daughter	A02 Decay Link	Y01 Decay Product Yield		Y01 Decay Product Nuclide	Y02 Decay Product Yield		Y02 Decay Product Nuclide	Y03 Decay Product Yield		Y03 Decay Product Nuclide
Isotope_044_ru_87_u	Unstable	⁸⁷Ru	Fermion	44	p	43	n	1/2	-1	86.949'180'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-47.339'000'000'0	MeV	8.220'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.58E-9	year	50.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β+	10,761.000	keV	⁸⁷Tc	⁸⁷Ru > [ ? % , β+ , 10,761.0 keV ] > ⁸⁷Tc						?	%	⁸⁷Sr	?	%	⁸⁶Sr
Isotope_044_ru_88_u	Unstable	⁸⁸Ru	Boson	44	p	44	n	0	1	87.940'260'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-55.647'000'000'0	MeV	8.313'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		4.12E-8	year	1.300	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	6,041.000	keV	⁸⁸Tc	⁸⁸Ru > [ 100 % , β+ , 6,041.0 keV ] > ⁸⁸Tc	β+p	?	keV	⁸⁷Mo	⁸⁸Ru > [ , β+p , ? keV ] > ⁸⁷Mo	100.000'000	%	⁸⁸Sr	?	%	⁸⁷Sr	?	%	⁸⁶Sr
Isotope_044_ru_89_u	Unstable	⁸⁹Ru	Fermion	44	p	45	n	7/2	1	88.936'110'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-59.513'000'000'0	MeV	8.353'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		4.37E-8	year	1.380	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	7,309.000	keV	⁸⁹Tc	⁸⁹Ru > [ 100 % , β+ , 7,309.0 keV ] > ⁸⁹Tc	β+p	?	keV	⁸⁸Mo	⁸⁹Ru > [ , β+p , ? keV ] > ⁸⁸Mo	100.000'000	%	⁸⁹Y	?	%	⁸⁸Sr
Isotope_044_ru_90_u	Unstable	⁹⁰Ru	Boson	44	p	46	n	0	1	89.929'890'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-65.307'000'000'0	MeV	8.414'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.49E-7	year	11.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	4,878.000	keV	⁹⁰Tc	⁹⁰Ru > [ 100 % , β+ , 4,878.0 keV ] > ⁹⁰Tc						100.000'000	%	⁹⁰Zr
Isotope_044_ru_91_u	Unstable	⁹¹Ru	Fermion	44	p	47	n	9/2	1	90.926'292'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-68.658'000'000'0	MeV	8.448'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.85E-7	year	9.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	6,304.000	keV	⁹¹Tc	⁹¹Ru > [ 100 % , β+ , 6,304.0 keV ] > ⁹¹Tc						100.013'800	%	⁹¹Zr
Isotope_044_ru_92_u	Unstable	⁹²Ru	Boson	44	p	48	n	0	1	91.920'120'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-74.408'000'000'0	MeV	8.506'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		6.94E-6	year	219.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	3,505.000	keV	⁹²Tc	⁹²Ru > [ 100 % , β+ , 3,505.0 keV ] > ⁹²Tc						?	%	⁹²Zr
Isotope_044_ru_93_u	Unstable	⁹³Ru	Fermion	44	p	49	n	9/2	1	92.917'052'034'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-77.265'533'000'0	MeV	8.531'987'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.89E-6	year	59.700	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	5,314.800	keV	⁹³Tc	⁹³Ru > [ 100 % , β+ , 5,314.8 keV ] > ⁹³Tc						100.000'000	%	⁹³Nb
Isotope_044_ru_94_u	Unstable	⁹⁴Ru	Boson	44	p	50	n	0	1	93.911'359'711'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-82.567'898'000'0	MeV	8.583'8.583'8.583'8.583	MeV	-		-		9.85E-5	year	3.110	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	563.900	keV	⁹⁴Tc	⁹⁴Ru > [ 100 % , β+ , 563.9 keV ] > ⁹⁴Tc						100.000'000	%	⁹⁴Mo
Isotope_044_ru_95_u	Unstable	⁹⁵Ru	Fermion	44	p	51	n	5/2	1	94.910'412'929'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-83.449'819'000'0	MeV	8.587'386'000'0	MeV	0.861'000'000'0	nm	-		1.87E-4	year	5.915	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	1,544.900	keV	⁹⁵Tc	⁹⁵Ru > [ 100 % , β+ , 1,544.9 keV ] > ⁹⁵Tc						100.000'000	%	⁹⁵Mo
Isotope_044_ru_96_s	Stable	⁹⁶Ru	Boson	44	p	52	n	0	1	95.907'597'835'0	u	5.540'000	%	5.313'280'920'1	-86.072'062'000'0	MeV	8.609'326'000'0	MeV	-		-		-				?	%	2β+	674.030	keV	⁹⁶Mo	⁹⁶Ru > [ ? % , 2β+ , 674.03 keV ] > ⁹⁶Mo						?	%	⁹⁶Mo
Isotope_044_ru_97_u	Unstable	⁹⁷Ru	Fermion	44	p	53	n	5/2	1	96.907'554'700'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-86.112'242'000'0	MeV	8.604'193'000'0	MeV	0.787'000'000'0	nm	-		7.91E-3	year	249.696	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	85.670	keV	⁹⁷Tc	⁹⁷Ru > [ 100 % , β+ , 85.67 keV ] > ⁹⁷Tc						100.000'000	%	⁹⁷Mo
Isotope_044_ru_98_s	Stable	⁹⁸Ru	Boson	44	p	54	n	0	1	97.905'287'132'0	u	1.870'000	%	1.830'828'869'4	-88.224'469'000'0	MeV	8.620'309'000'0	MeV	-		-		-
Isotope_044_ru_99_s	Stable	⁹⁹Ru	Fermion	44	p	55	n	5/2	1	98.905'939'302'0	u	12.760'000	%	12.620'397'854'9	-87.616'977'000'0	MeV	8.608'627'000'0	MeV	-0.641'000'000'0	nm	0.079'000'000'0	b	-
Isotope_044_ru_100_s	Stable	¹⁰⁰Ru	Boson	44	p	56	n	0	1	99.904'219'476'0	u	12.600'000	%	12.587'931'654'0	-89.218'984'000'0	MeV	8.619'274'000'0	MeV	-		-		-
Isotope_044_ru_101_s	Stable	¹⁰¹Ru	Fermion	44	p	57	n	5/2	1	100.905'582'087'0	u	17.060'000	%	17.214'492'304'0	-87.949'720'000'0	MeV	8.601'282'000'0	MeV	-0.718'800'000'0	nm	0.457'000'000'0	b	-
Isotope_044_ru_102_s	Stable	¹⁰²Ru	Boson	44	p	58	n	0	1	101.904'349'312'0	u	13.550'000	%	13.808'039'331'8	-89.098'043'000'0	MeV	28.607'344'000'0	MeV	-		-		-
Isotope_044_ru_103_u	Unstable	¹⁰³Ru	Fermion	44	p	59	n	3/2	1	102.906'323'847'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-87.258'775'000'0	MeV	8.584'283'000'0	MeV	0.200'000'000'0	nm	0.620'000'000'0	b	1.07E-1	year	3.392	mega-seconds ( x⁶ )	100.000'000	%	β-	763.410	keV	¹⁰³Rh	¹⁰³Ru > [ 100 % , β- , 763.41 keV ] > ¹⁰³Rh						100.000'000	%	¹⁰³Rh
Isotope_044_ru_104_s	Stable	¹⁰⁴Ru	Boson	44	p	60	n	0	1	103.905'432'701'0	u	18.620'000	%	19.347'191'568'9	-88.088'872'000'0	MeV	8.587'333'000'0	MeV	-		-		-				?	%	2β-	1,301.170	keV	¹⁰⁴Pd	¹⁰⁴Ru > [ ? % , 2β- , 1,301.17 keV ] > ¹⁰⁴Pd						?	%	¹⁰⁴Pd
Isotope_044_ru_105_u	Unstable	¹⁰⁵Ru	Fermion	44	p	61	n	3/2	1	104.907'752'866'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-85.927'653'000'0	MeV	8.561'835'000'0	MeV	0.320'000'000'0	nm	-		5.07E-4	year	15.984	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	1,917.990	keV	¹⁰⁵Rh	¹⁰⁵Ru > [ 100 % , β- , 1,917.99 keV ] > ¹⁰⁵Rh						100.000'000	%	¹⁰⁵Pd
Isotope_044_ru_106_u	Unstable	¹⁰⁶Ru	Boson	44	p	62	n	0	1	105.907'329'433'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-86.322'078'000'0	MeV	8.560'929'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.02E+0	years	32.300	mega-seconds ( x⁶ )	100.000'000	%	β-	39.400	keV	¹⁰⁶Rh	¹⁰⁶Ru > [ 100 % , β- , 39.4 keV ] > ¹⁰⁶Rh						100.000'000	%	¹⁰⁶Pd
Isotope_044_ru_107_u	Unstable	¹⁰⁷Ru	Fermion	44	p	63	n	5/2	1	106.909'905'089'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-83.922'869'000'0	MeV	8.533'930'000'0	MeV	-		-		7.13E-6	year	225.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	2,940.000	keV	¹⁰⁷Rh	¹⁰⁷Ru > [ 100 % , β- , 2,940.0 keV ] > ¹⁰⁷Rh						100.000'000	%	¹⁰⁷Ag
Isotope_044_ru_108_u	Unstable	¹⁰⁸Ru	Boson	44	p	64	n	0	1	107.910'173'465'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-83.672'879'000'0	MeV	8.527'332'000'0	MeV	-		-		8.65E-6	year	273.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	1,346.000	keV	¹⁰⁸Rh	¹⁰⁸Ru > [ 100 % , β- , 1,346.0 keV ] > ¹⁰⁸Rh						100.000'000	%	¹⁰⁸Pd
Isotope_044_ru_109_u	Unstable	¹⁰⁹Ru	Fermion	44	p	65	n	5/2	1	108.913'203'233'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-80.850'668'000'0	MeV	8.497'257'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.09E-6	year	34.500	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	4,160.000	keV	¹⁰⁹Rh	¹⁰⁹Ru > [ 100 % , β- , 4,160.0 keV ] > ¹⁰⁹Rh						100.000'000	%	¹⁰⁹Ag
Isotope_044_ru_110_u	Unstable	¹¹⁰Ru	Boson	44	p	66	n	0	1	109.914'136'041'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-79.981'763'000'0	MeV	8.485'485'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.68E-7	year	11.600	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	2,794.100	keV	¹¹⁰Rh	¹¹⁰Ru > [ 100 % , β- , 2,794.1 keV ] > ¹¹⁰Rh						?	%	¹¹⁰Cd
Isotope_044_ru_111_u	Unstable	¹¹¹Ru	Fermion	44	p	67	n	5/2	1	110.917'696'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-76.665'683'000'0	MeV	8.451'880'000'0	MeV	-		-		6.72E-8	year	2.120	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	5,691.500	keV	¹¹¹Rh	¹¹¹Ru > [ 100 % , β- , 5,691.5 keV ] > ¹¹¹Rh						100.000'000	%	¹¹¹Cd
Isotope_044_ru_112_u	Unstable	¹¹²Ru	Boson	44	p	68	n	0	1	111.918'965'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-75.483'617'000'0	MeV	8.437'928'000'0	MeV	-		-		5.55E-8	year	1.750	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	4,257.700	keV	¹¹²Rh	¹¹²Ru > [ 100 % , β- , 4,257.7 keV ] > ¹¹²Rh						100.000'000	%	¹¹²Cd
Isotope_044_ru_113_u	Unstable	¹¹³Ru	Fermion	44	p	69	n	5/2	1	112.922'487'194'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-72.202'714'000'0	MeV	8.405'649'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.54E-8	year	800.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	4,257.700	keV	¹¹³Rh	¹¹³Ru > [ 100 % , β- , 4,257.7 keV ] > ¹¹³Rh						100.000'000	%	¹¹³In
Isotope_044_ru_114_u	Unstable	¹¹⁴Ru	Boson	44	p	70	n	0	1	113.924'281'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-70.532'000'000'0	MeV	8.388'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.68E-8	year	530.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	5,100.000	keV	¹¹⁴Rh	¹¹⁴Ru > [ 100 % , β- , 5,100.0 keV ] > ¹¹⁴Rh	β-n	80.000	keV	¹¹³Rh	¹¹⁴Ru > [ , β-n , 80.0 keV ] > ¹¹³Rh	?	%	¹¹³In	?	%	¹¹⁴Sn
Isotope_044_ru_115_u	Unstable	¹¹⁵Ru	Fermion	44	p	71	n	?	0	114.928'686'173'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-66.428'402'000'0	MeV	8.349'623'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.34E-8	year	740.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	7,780.000	keV	¹¹⁵Rh	¹¹⁵Ru > [ 100 % , β- , 7,780.0 keV ] > ¹¹⁵Rh	β-n	1,132.000	keV	¹¹⁴Rh	¹¹⁵Ru > [ , β-n , 1,132.0 keV ] > ¹¹⁴Rh	100.000'000	%	¹¹⁵Sn	?	%	¹¹³In	?	%	¹¹⁴Sn
Isotope_044_ru_116_u	Unstable	¹¹⁶Ru	Boson	44	p	72	n	0	1	115.930'810'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-64.450'000'000'0	MeV	8.330'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.27E-8	year	400.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	6,286.000	keV	¹¹⁶Rh	¹¹⁶Ru > [ ? % , β- , 6,286.0 keV ] > ¹¹⁶Rh						?	%	¹¹⁶Sn	?	%	¹¹⁵Sn
Isotope_044_ru_117_u	Unstable	¹¹⁷Ru	Fermion	44	p	73	n	?	0	116.935'580'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-60.007'000'000'0	MeV	8.290'8.290'8.290'8.290	MeV	-		-		9.51E-9	year	300.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	8,942.000	keV	¹¹⁷Rh	¹¹⁷Ru > [ ? % , β- , 8,942.0 keV ] > ¹¹⁷Rh						?	%	¹¹⁷Sn
Isotope_044_ru_118_u	Unstable	¹¹⁸Ru	Boson	44	p	74	n	0	1	117.937'820'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-57.920'000'000'0	MeV	8.270'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		6.34E-9	year	200.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	7,219.000	keV	¹¹⁸Rh	¹¹⁸Ru > [ ? % , β- , 7,219.0 keV ] > ¹¹⁸Rh						?	%	¹¹⁸Sn
Isotope_044_ru_119_u	Unstable	¹¹⁹Ru	Fermion	44	p	75	n	?	0	118.942'840'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-53.244'000'000'0	MeV	8.229'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		5.39E-9	year	170.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	9,995.000	keV	¹¹⁹Rh	¹¹⁹Ru > [ ? % , β- , 9,995.0 keV ] > ¹¹⁹Rh						?	%	¹¹⁹Sn
Isotope_044_ru_120_u	Unstable	¹²⁰Ru	Boson	44	p	76	n	0	1	119.945'310'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-50.943'000'000'0	MeV	8.209'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.54E-9	year	80.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	8,290.000	keV	¹²⁰Rh	¹²⁰Ru > [ ? % , β- , 8,290.0 keV ] > ¹²⁰Rh						?	%	¹²⁰Sn	?	%	¹¹⁹Sn

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