SULFUR, S (16)

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ATOMIC ARCHITECTURE

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Elemental Tile

Sulfur

···

OVERVIEW

SULFUR

S (16)

ˈsʌlfə

PHONETICS

IDENTIFICATION

Sulfur, also known as sulphur, is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules. It oxidises most metals and several non-metals, including carbon and reduces several strong oxidants, such as oxygen and fluorine.

ELEMENT BRIEF

700 BCE by the Assyrians, also referred to in Genesis as brimstone.

DISCOVERY

Middle English, from Anglo-Norman sulfre, from Latin sulfur.

ETYMOLOGY

Sulfur

ELEMENT

S

SYMBOL

16

ATOMIC NUMBER

7704-34-9

CAS NUMBER

PHYSICAL

ELEMENTAL SPECTRUM

Yellow

ELEMENTAL COLOUR

1.001'111

REFRACTIVE INDEX

-

POISSON RATIO

16.360 cm³

MOLAR VOLUME

-

BRINELL HARDNESS

2.00

MOHS HARDNESS

-

VICKERS HARDNESS

-

SPEED OF SOUND

7.70G Pa, 75.993'1k Atm

BULK MODULUS

-

SHEAR MODULUS

-

YOUNG MODULUS

ALLOTROPES

THERMODYNAMIC

388.36 K, 115.21 °C

MELTING POINT

717.87 K, 444.72 °C

BOILING POINT

-

AUTOMATIC IGNITION

303.15 K, 30.00 °C

FLASHPOINT

1,314.00 K, 1,040.85 °C

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

20.70M Pa, 204 Atm

CRITICAL PRESSURE

0.205'000 W/(m K)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

-

THERMAL EXPANSION

705 J/(kg K)

SPECIFIC HEAT

1.73 kJ/mol

HEAT FUSION

9.8 kJ/mol

HEAT VAPORISATION

-

HEAT COMBUSTION

-

CURIE POINT

-

NEEL POINT

-

ADIABATIC INDEX

Solid

PHASE

ELECTROMAGNETIC

Insulator

ELECTRICAL TYPE

1.00f S/m

CONDUCTIVITY

1.00P Ω.m

RESISTIVITY

-

SUPERCONDUCTING POINT

Diamagnetic

MAGNETIC TYPE

-0.000'000'006'2

MASS SUSCEPTIBILITY

-0.000'000'000'199'00

MOLAR SUSCEPTIBILITY

-0.000'012'200'00

VOLUME SUSCEPTIBILITY

STRUCTURE

Non Metal

CLASSIFICATION

32.066'085'0

ATOMIC WEIGHT

88 pm

ATOMIC RADIUS

103 pm

COVALENT RADIUS SINGLE BOND

94 pm

COVALENT RADIUS DOUBLE BOND

95 pm

COVALENT RADIUS TRIPLE BOND

180 pm

VAN DER WAALS RADIUS

[Ne]3s²3P⁴

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

Orthorhombic, Primitive

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE

1.960'00 g/cm³

DENSITY AS SOLID

-

DENSITY AS LIQUID

-

DENSITY AS GAS

Fddd

SPACE GROUP NAME

70

SPACE GROUP NUMBER

π/2, π/2 π/2

LATTICE ANGLES

1043.7, 1284.5 2436.9 pm

LATTICE CONSTANTS

REACTIVITY

6

VALENCE

2.58

ELECTRONEGATIVITY

200.42 kJ/mol

ELECTRON AFFINITY

IONISATION ENERGY

ELEMENTAL DISTRIBUTION

0.05 %

UNIVERSE

4 %

METEORITES

0.14 %

SUN

0.042 %

EARTH CRUST

0.093 %

OCEANS

0.2 %

HUMANS

ISOTOPES

Stable

HALF LIFE

Stable

LIFETIME

3p⁴ = 3, 1, -1, -1/2

QUANTUM NUMBERS

1.026'00 b σ_s

NEUTRON CROSS SECTION

0.530'00 b σ_a

NEUTRON MASS ABSORPTION

STABLE ISOTOPES

UNSTABLE ISOTOPES

ISOTOPIC CHAIN

Isotope	Stability	Symbol	Type	Protons		Neutrons		Spin	Parity	Mass		Abundance		Mass Measure	Mass Excess		Binding Energy		Dipole Moment		Quadrupole Moment		Halflife in Years		Halflife in Seconds		A01 Decay Probability		A01 Decay Mode	A01 Decay Energy		A01 Decay Daughter	A01 Decay Link	A02 Decay Probability		A02 Decay Mode	A02 Decay Energy		A02 Decay Daughter	A02 Decay Link	A03 Decay Probability		A03 Decay Mode	A03 Decay Energy		A03 Decay Daughter	A03 Decay Link	Y01 Decay Product Yield		Y01 Decay Product Nuclide	Y02 Decay Product Yield		Y02 Decay Product Nuclide	Y03 Decay Product Yield		Y03 Decay Product Nuclide
Isotope_016_s_26_u	Unstable	²⁶S	Boson	16	p	10	n	0	1	26.027'880'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	25.970'000'000'0	MeV	6.591'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.17E-10	year	10.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	2p	637.000	keV	²⁴Si	²⁶S > [ ? % , 2p , 637.0 keV ] > ²⁴Si															?	%	²³Na	?	%	²⁰Ne	?	%	²⁴Mg
Isotope_016_s_27_u	Unstable	²⁷S	Fermion	16	p	11	n	5/2	1	27.018'833'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	17.543'000'000'0	MeV	6.958'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		6.65E-10	year	21.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	98.000'000	%	β+	17,238.000	keV	²⁷P	²⁷S > [ 98 % , β+ , 17,238.0 keV ] > ²⁷P	2.000'000	%	β+2p	?	keV	²⁵Al	²⁷S > [ 2 % , β+2p , ? keV ] > ²⁵Al	?	%	β+p	?	keV	²⁶Si	²⁷S > [ ? % , β+p , ? keV ] > ²⁶Si	98.000'000	%	²⁷Al	2.000'000	%	²⁵Mg	²⁶Mg	%
Isotope_016_s_28_u	Unstable	²⁸S	Boson	16	p	12	n	0	1	28.004'372'763'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	4.073'203'000'0	MeV	7.478'790'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.96E-9	year	125.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	79.000'000	%	β+	10,210.000	keV	²⁸P	²⁸S > [ 79 % , β+ , 10,210.0 keV ] > ²⁸P	20.700'000	%	β+2p	?	keV	²⁸Si	²⁸S > [ 20.7 % , β+2p , ? keV ] > ²⁸Si								79.000'000	%	²⁸Si	20.701'027	%	²⁷Al	0.000'679	%	²⁴Mg
Isotope_016_s_29_u	Unstable	²⁹S	Fermion	16	p	13	n	5/2	1	28.996'608'049'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-3.159'582'000'0	MeV	7.748'629'000'0	MeV	-		-		5.93E-9	year	187.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	54.000'000	%	β+	12,770.000	keV	²⁹P	²⁹S > [ 54 % , β+ , 12,770.0 keV ] > ²⁹P	46.400'000	%	β+2p	?	keV	²⁸Si	²⁹S > [ 46.4 % , β+2p , ? keV ] > ²⁸Si								54.000'000	%	²⁹Si	46.400'000	%	²⁸Si
Isotope_016_s_30_u	Unstable	³⁰S	Boson	16	p	14	n	0	1	29.984'903'249'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-14.062'532'000'0	MeV	8.122'817'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.73E-8	year	1.178	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	5,115.840	keV	³⁰P	³⁰S > [ 100 % , β+ , 5,115.84 keV ] > ³⁰P															100.000'000	%	³⁰Si
Isotope_016_s_31_u	Unstable	³¹S	Fermion	16	p	15	n	1/2	1	30.979'554'728'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-19.044'648'000'0	MeV	8.281'869'000'0	MeV	0.487'930'000'0	nm	-		8.15E-8	year	2.572	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	4,374.000	keV	³¹P	³¹S > [ 100 % , β+ , 4,374.0 keV ] > ³¹P															100.000'000	%	³¹P
Isotope_016_s_32_s	Stable	³²S	Boson	16	p	16	n	0	1	31.972'070'999'0	u	94.930'000	%	30.351'086'999'4	-26.015'697'000'0	MeV	8.493'134'000'0	MeV	-		-		-
Isotope_016_s_33_s	Stable	³³S	Fermion	16	p	17	n	3/2	1	32.971'458'759'0	u	0.760'000	%	0.250'583'086'6	-26.585'994'000'0	MeV	8.497'634'000'0	MeV	0.643'821'200'0	nm	-0.076'000'000'0	b	-
Isotope_016_s_34_s	Stable	³⁴S	Boson	16	p	18	n	0	1	33.967'866'902'0	u	4.290'000	%	1.457'221'490'1	-29.931'788'000'0	MeV	8.583'501'000'0	MeV	-		-		-
Isotope_016_s_35_u	Unstable	³⁵S	Fermion	16	p	19	n	3/2	1	34.969'032'161'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-28.846'356'000'0	MeV	8.537'855'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.40E-1	year	7.561	mega-seconds ( x⁶ )	100.000'000	%	β-	167.184	keV	³⁵Cl	³⁵S > [ 100 % , β- , 167.184 keV ] > ³⁵Cl															100.000'000	%	³⁵Cl
Isotope_016_s_36_s	Stable	³⁶S	Boson	16	p	20	n	0	1	35.967'080'760'0	u	0.020'000	%	0.007'193'416'2	-30.664'075'000'0	MeV	8.575'387'000'0	MeV	-		-		-
Isotope_016_s_37_u	Unstable	³⁷S	Fermion	16	p	21	n	7/2	1	36.971'125'567'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-26.896'360'000'0	MeV	8.459'934'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.05E-5	year	330.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	4,865.172	keV	³⁷Cl	³⁷S > [ 100 % , β- , 4,865.172 keV ] > ³⁷Cl															100.000'000	%	³⁷Cl
Isotope_016_s_38_u	Unstable	³⁸S	Boson	16	p	22	n	0	1	37.971'163'317'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-26.861'197'000'0	MeV	8.448'782'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.24E-4	year	10.220	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	2,936.900	keV	³⁸Cl	³⁸S > [ 100 % , β- , 2,936.9 keV ] > ³⁸Cl															100.000'000	%	³⁸Ar
Isotope_016_s_39_u	Unstable	³⁹S	Fermion	16	p	23	n	?	-1	38.975'134'306'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-23.162'245'000'0	MeV	8.344'258'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.64E-7	year	11.500	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	6,638.000	keV	³⁹Cl	³⁹S > [ 100 % , β- , 6,638.0 keV ] > ³⁹Cl															100.000'000	%	³⁹K
Isotope_016_s_40_u	Unstable	⁴⁰S	Boson	16	p	24	n	0	1	39.975'451'728'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-22.866'568'000'0	MeV	8.330'043'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.79E-7	year	8.800	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	4,691.000	keV	⁴⁰Cl	⁴⁰S > [ 100 % , β- , 4,691.0 keV ] > ⁴⁰Cl															100.000'000	%	⁴⁰Ar
Isotope_016_s_41_u	Unstable	⁴¹S	Fermion	16	p	25	n	7/2	-1	40.979'582'149'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-19.019'105'000'0	MeV	8.229'892'000'0	MeV	-		-		6.31E-8	year	1.990	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	8,288.000	keV	⁴¹Cl	⁴¹S > [ 100 % , β- , 8,288.0 keV ] > ⁴¹Cl	?	%	β-n	467.000	keV	⁴⁰Cl	⁴¹S > [ ? % , β-n , 467.0 keV ] > ⁴⁰Cl								100.000'000	%	⁴¹K	?	%	⁴⁰Ar
Isotope_016_s_42_u	Unstable	⁴²S	Boson	16	p	26	n	0	1	41.981'022'419'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-17.677'503'000'0	MeV	8.194'173'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.21E-8	year	1.013	seconds ( x⁰ )	96.000'000	%	β-	7,235.000	keV	⁴²Cl	⁴²S > [ 96 % , β- , 7,235.0 keV ] > ⁴²Cl	4.000'000	%	β-n	1,558.000	keV	⁴¹Cl	⁴²S > [ 4 % , β-n , 1,558.0 keV ] > ⁴¹Cl								96.000'000	%	⁴²Ca	4.000'000	%	⁴¹K
Isotope_016_s_43_u	Unstable	⁴³S	Fermion	16	p	27	n	3/2	-1	42.987'154'790'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-11.965'235'000'0	MeV	8.058'473'000'0	MeV	-		-		8.24E-9	year	260.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	60.000'000	%	β-	12,203.000	keV	⁴³Cl	⁴³S > [ 60 % , β- , 12,203.0 keV ] > ⁴³Cl	40.000'000	%	β-n	4,876.000	keV	⁴²Cl	⁴³S > [ 40 % , β-n , 4,876.0 keV ] > ⁴²Cl								60.000'000	%	⁴³Ca	40.000'000	%	⁴²Ca
Isotope_016_s_44_u	Unstable	⁴⁴S	Boson	16	p	28	n	0	1	43.990'213'390'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-9.116'168'000'0	MeV	7.994'013'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.90E-9	year	123.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	82.000'000	%	β-	11,115.000	keV	⁴⁴Cl	⁴⁴S > [ 82 % , β- , 11,115.0 keV ] > ⁴⁴Cl	18.000'000	%	β-n	6,981.000	keV	⁴³Cl	⁴⁴S > [ 18 % , β-n , 6,981.0 keV ] > ⁴³Cl								75.440'000	%	⁴⁴Ca	24.560'000	%	⁴³Ca	?	%	⁴²Ca
Isotope_016_s_45_u	Unstable	⁴⁵S	Fermion	16	p	29	n	3/2	-1	44.996'508'112'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-3.252'672'000'0	MeV	7.865'431'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.60E-9	year	82.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	54.000'000	%	β-n	8,910.000	keV	⁴⁴Cl	⁴⁵S > [ 54 % , β-n , 8,910.0 keV ] > ⁴⁴Cl	46.000'000	%	β-	15,110.000	keV	⁴⁵Cl	⁴⁵S > [ 46 % , β- , 15,110.0 keV ] > ⁴⁵Cl								60.720'000	%	⁴⁴Ca	34.960'000	%	⁴⁵Sc	4.320'000	%	⁴³Ca
Isotope_016_s_46_u	Unstable	⁴⁶S	Boson	16	p	30	n	0	1	46.000'750'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	0.699'000'000'0	MeV	7.784'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		9.51E-10	year	30.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	15,410.000	keV	⁴⁶Cl	⁴⁶S > [ ? % , β- , 15,410.0 keV ] > ⁴⁶Cl															?	%	⁴⁵Sc	?	%	⁴⁶Ti
Isotope_016_s_47_u	Unstable	⁴⁷S	Fermion	16	p	31	n	3/2	1	47.008'590'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	8.002'000'000'0	MeV	7.635'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		6.34E-10	year	20.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	18,515.000	keV	⁴⁷Cl	⁴⁷S > [ ? % , β- , 18,515.0 keV ] > ⁴⁷Cl															?	%	⁴⁷Ti	?	%	⁴⁶Ti
Isotope_016_s_48_u	Unstable	⁴⁸S	Boson	16	p	32	n	0	1	48.014'170'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	13.199'000'000'0	MeV	7.536'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.17E-10	year	10.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	17,900.000	keV	⁴⁸Cl	⁴⁸S > [ ? % , β- , 17,900.0 keV ] > ⁴⁸Cl															?	%	⁴⁸Ti	?	%	⁴⁷Ti
Isotope_016_s_49_u	Unstable	⁴⁹S	Fermion	16	p	33	n	3/2	-1	49.023'619'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	22.001'000'000'0	MeV	7.367'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		6.34E-15	year	200.000	nano-seconds ( x⁻⁹ )	?	%	n	730.000	keV	⁴⁸S	⁴⁹S > [ ? % , n , 730.0 keV ] > ⁴⁸S															?	%	⁴⁸Ti	?	%	⁴⁷Ti

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